Histopathological view of benign essential blepharospasm: Orbicularis oculi hormone receptor levels

Objectives: Benign essential blepharospasm (BEB) is a focal dystonia characterized by involuntary contractions of the orbicularis oculi and periocular muscles. We aimed to investigate the effects of muscle receptor levels on the etiopathogenesis of blepharospasm by evaluating the orbicularis oculi estrogen receptor (ER) and androgen receptor (AR) levels. Methods: Four blepharospasm patients (2 females and 2 males) who underwent upper lid blepharoplasty and/or orbicularis myomectomy and 4 healthy cases (2 females, 2 males) that had upper lid blepharoplasty were included. The pretarsal, preseptal, and orbital parts of the orbicularis muscles of the patients who underwent orbicularis myomectomy and the waste muscle tissue materials taken from the preseptal orbicularis muscles of the patients who had only upper blepharoplasty were analyzed. Immunohistochemical staining was performed with estrogen alpha and androgen. Results: In healthy men, the orbicularis oculi muscle was stained with ER at a moderate intensity and with AR at a high intensity. In men with blepharospasm, the orbicularis oculi were not stained with ER at all, but at a high intensity with AR. In healthy women, the orbicularis oculi were stained with ER and AR at a high intensity (>50%). In women with blepharospasm, the staining intensities of both receptors were moderate. Conclusion: We determined a decrease in ER and AR in females and almost the absence of ER in males with BEB. This decrease in ER may be associated with a functional abnormality in mitochondria and the decrease in hormonal receptors may be associated with sarcopenia in orbicularis oculi muscle fibers

Cheyletiella Dermatitis: A Case Report

Cheyletiella kedi, köpek ve tavşanların derisinde yaşayan bir akar cinsi olup yüksek oranda bulaşıcılığa sahiptir. İnfeste hayvanlarda kaşıntı ve kepeklenme şeklinde hastalığa yol açabilir, ancak sıklıkla asemptomatik olduğundan parazitten şüphelenilmedi- ği takdirde tanı koymak güçtür. İnfeste hayvan sahiplerinin de %2si infeste olmaktadır. Dermatoz, insanlarda infeste hayvanla temas eden bölgelere özgü eritemli, kaşıntılı, bazıları nekrotik özellikte papüller şeklinde görülmektedir. Bu olgu sunumunda infeste köpekle temas sonrasında Cheyletiella dermatiti gelişen bir olgu dolayısıyla bu dermatoza dikkat çekilmek istenmiştir.Cheyletiella is a highly contagious genus of mites that live on the skin of cats, dogs, and rabbits. It can cause pruritus and dandruff in infested animals, however, it is difficult to diagnose this dermatosis in unsuspected cases since it is usually asymptomatic. The rate of infestation in infested pet owners is 20%. The dermatosis is seen as erythematous, pruritic and some necrotic papules on contact regions with the animal. In this case report, our objective is to draw attention to Cheyletiella dermatosis by presenting a case in which Cheyletiella dermatitis developed after contact with an infested dog

The evaluation of lymphatic vessel density and microvessel density in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma

Aim: Metastasis to the cervical lymph nodes in laryngeal carcinomas is a factor reducing survival significantly.  The present study aimed to reveal the association of lymph node metastasis with lymphatic vessel density and microvessel density in the intratumoral and extra-tumoral areas of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma.Methods: Eighty-six cases diagnosed with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma in Pathology Department of Erciyes University Faculty of Medicine between 2000-2006 were included in the present study. Lymphatic vessel density and microvessel density were assessed with D2-40 which is an immunohistochemical marker in intratumoral and extra-tumoral areas and CD34, respectively. The results were compared with tumor grade, tumor localization, and lymph node metastasis. Results: Intratumoral and extra tumoral lymphatic vessel density value were 8.93±12.5 and 24.1±20.1, respectively (p=0.001). Mean intra tumoral microvessel density was calculated as 217.53±89.8 while extra tumoral microvessel density was calculated as 330.43±92.4 (p=0.001). Intratumoral lymphatic vessel density value was higher in the well-differentiated tumors compared to the poorly differentiated tumors but no significant result was obtained (p=0.100). Extra tumoral microvessel density value was found to be significantly higher in the poorly differentiated tumors (p=0.05). Intratumoral microvessel density value was significantly lower in tumors with lymph node metastasis (p=0.028). Extra-tumoral lymphatic vessel density value was higher in both groups with and without lymph node metastasis, however, no statistically significant result could be obtained (p=0.084). Conclusion: In the present study, intratumoral microvessel density was higher in well differentiated tumors whereas extra tumoral microvessel density was determined to be higher in poorly differentiated cases. No significant association was noted between lymphatic vessel density and differentiation. Extra tumoral and intra tumoral microvessel density values were found to be higher in the group without metastasis.  No association was detected between metastasis and lymphatic vessel density value. We suggest that assessing lymphatic vessel density with the co-administration of D2-40 and CD34 may be more important for early detection of metastasis

Current Approach to the Prognostic Parameters of Testicular Germ Cell Tumors Accompanied by Our Cases

Aim: Testicular germ cell tumors (TGCT) are solid neoplasms common in young adult menand an important cause of cancer-related deaths during this period. Revisions inhistopathological classification and staging affect prognosis and treatment. The aim of thisstudy was to analyze our TGCT cases, to review prognostic parameters, and their relationshipbetween germ cell neoplasia in situ (GCNIS), intratubular and intertubular tumors.Material and Methods: In this study, Hematoxylin&Eosin-stained sections of 77 TGCTswere re-evaluated. The presence of GCNIS, intratubular and intertubular germ cell tumorswere recorded. Histopathological classification and staging were revised based on the changesin the 8th edition of American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC).Results: The majority of the patients were diagnosed as seminoma (n=42), followed by mixedgerm cell tumors (n=33) and spermatocytic tumors (n=2). Rete testis invasion in 30 cases,epididymal invasion in 6 cases, hilar soft tissue invasion in 10 cases, tunica vaginalis invasionin 1 case, spermatic cord invasion in 4 cases, and lymphovascular invasion in 22 cases weredetected. Intertubular seminoma in 25 cases, intratubular carcinoma in 16 cases, and GCNISin 73 cases were detected.Conclusion: The major criteria to determine treatment choices are histopathological diagnosis,pathological tumor stage, serum tumor markers and presence of metastasis. According toAJCC 8th edition, addition of hilar soft tissue invasion to staging has increased the number ofour pT2 cases. Moreover, assuming discontinuous tumor invasion of spermatic cord byvascular invasion as pM1 has also increased the number of metastatic testis tumors