Investigation of an outbreak of acute respiratory disease in an indigenous village in Brazil: Contribution of Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and human respiratory syncytial viruses.

Analyses of the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic and post-pandemic years showed high attack rates and severity among indigenous populations. This study presents the characteristics of the first documented influenza outbreak in indigenous peoples in Brazil, that occurred from 30th March to 14th April 2016 in a Guarani village in Southeast Region. Acute respiratory infections were prospectively investigated. The majority of the 73 cases were influenza-like illness (ILI) (63.0%) or severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) (20.5%). The ILI+SARI attack rate (35.9%) decreased with increasing age. There was a high influenza vaccination rate (86.3%), but no statistically significant difference in vaccination rates between severe and non-severe cases was seen (p = 0.334). Molecular analyses of 19.2% of the cases showed 100% positivity for influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and/or hRSV. Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 was included in the 6B.1 genetic group, a distinct cluster with 13 amino acid substitutions of A/California/07/2009-like. The hRSV were clustered in the BA-like genetic group. The early arrival of the influenza season overlapping usual hRSV season, the circulation of a drifted influenza virus not covered by vaccine and the high prevalence of risk factors for infection and severity in the village jointly can explain the high attack rate of ARI, even with a high rate of influenza vaccination. The results reinforce the importance of surveillance of respiratory viruses, timely vaccination and controlling risk factors for infection and severity of in the indigenous populations in order to preventing disease and related deaths, particularly in children

Composição corporal e exigências de proteína para ganho de peso de caprinos Moxotó em crescimento Body composition and protein requirements for weight gain of growing Moxotó kids

Avaliaram-se a composição corporal e as exigências de proteína para ganho de peso de caprinos da raça Moxotó. Utilizaram-se 26 animais machos não-castrados, com peso vivo (PV) médio inicial de 15 kg e 7 a 8 meses de idade, alimentados com dieta contendo 2,6 Mcal de energia metabolizável. Ao início do experimento, seis animais foram abatidos e serviram como referência para estimativa da composição corporal e do peso de corpo vazio (PCVZ) iniciais. Posteriormente, formaram-se grupos homogêneos de quatro animais, distribuídos ao acaso em dois programas de alimentação (tratamentos): alimentação à vontade (AV); e restrição alimentar de 85, 70 e 55% do consumido pelo grupo com alimentação à vontade. Os animais com AV foram abatidos no momento em que o PV se aproximou de 25 kg. As equações do logaritmo (log) dos conteúdos corporais de proteína (CCP) foram ajustadas considerando o log do PCVZ. Derivando-se essa equação, obteve-se a equação de predição do conteúdo de proteína por kg de ganho de PCVZ. Os conteúdos protéicos dos animais experimentais mantiveram-se praticamente constantes e variaram de 205,60 para 201,69 g/kg de PCVZ (redução de 1,9%) e de 15 para 25 kg com o aumento do PV. Apesar da pouca variação corporal das exigências líquidas protéicas (19,86 para 19,49), a relação gordura:proteína aumentou com o aumento do PV de 15 para 25 kg.<br>Twenty-six Moxotó non-castrated male kids (initial mean 15 kg LW and 7-8 month old) fed a diet with 2.6 Mcal ME were used to evaluate the body composition and protein requirements for weight gain. At the beginning of the experiment, six animals were slaughtered as reference to estimate initial body composition and initial empty body weight (EBW). Subsequently, homogeneous groups of four animals were distributed a complete randomized experimental design into two feeding regimes: ad libitum feeding (AL) and feed restriction of 85, 70 and 55% of that consumed by the AL feeding group. The animals from each feeding regime were slaughtered at the time the group of the AL feeding approached 25 kg LW. Logarithm equation of retained body protein contents (BCP) was fitted on log10 of empty body weight (EBW). By deriving this equation, the predicting equation of BCP per kg of EBW gain was obtained. The protein content of the animals remained practically constant and ranged from 205.60 to 201.69 g/kg of EBW (reduction of 1.9%) and 15 to 25 kg with the increase of live weight. Despite of small body changes of net protein requirements (19.86 to 19.49), the fat: protein ratio increased with the increase in LV from 15 to 25 kg

Fatores que afetam a ventilação com o reanimador manual autoinflável: uma revisão sistemática Factors affecting manual resuscitator use: a systematic review

OBJETIVO: O reanimador manual autoinflável é um dispositivo que fornece ventilação com pressão positiva. Pesquisas mostram que, apesar da padronização dos reanimadores manuais autoinfláveis pela American Society for Testing and Materials, diversos fatores afetam o desempenho da ventilação, porém, os resultados são conflitantes. O objetivo desse estudo foi verificar as evidências dos fatores que influenciam a ventilação pulmonar com reanimadores manuais infantil/adulto por meio de uma revisão sistemática da literatura. FONTES DE DADOS: Foram incluídos artigos indexados nas bases Medline, Lilacs e SciELO publicados entre janeiro de 1986 e março de 2011. Utilizaram-se as palavras-chaves: "reanimador manual", "ressuscitador manual", "ventilação manual", "ventilação com pressão positiva", em inglês e português, além de "bag-valve". SÍNTESE DOS DADOS: Foram selecionados 45 artigos, sendo a maioria experimental. Os trabalhos compararam os reanimadores manuais por marcas, modelos e analisaram as características dos profissionais que os utilizam. Estudos verificaram que a eficácia da ventilação com os reanimadores manuais depende da marca, modelo e características funcionais do aparelho utilizado, assim como formação, treinamento e experiência do profissional que os manipula. Outros fatores que podem influenciar são a forma de compressão dos reanimadores manuais, o uso da válvula limitadora de pressão e o fluxo de oxigênio fornecido aos aparelhos. CONCLUSÕES: A variabilidade nos parâmetros ventilatórios fornecidos durante a ventilação com reanimadores manuais não permite uniformizar a técnica, o que prejudica a reanimação cardiopulmonar. Apesar da maioria dos reanimadores manuais parecer estar de acordo com padrões internacionais, os equipamentos devem ser avaliados antes de utilizados no ambiente clínico. Pouco se sabe sobre os modelos pediátricos e neonatais.<br>OBJECTIVE: The manual resuscitator (RM) is a device that provides positive pressure ventilation. Surveys conducted to assess the adequacy of manual resuscitators to American Society for Testing and Materials standards show that several factors affect manual ventilation. However, results are conflicting. The aim of this study was to verify evidence of factors that influence pediatric/adult pulmonary ventilation with manual resuscitator by a systematic review. DATA SOURCE: Original articles indexed in Medline, Lilacs and SciELO published from January 1986 to March 2011. The key-words used were: "manual resuscitator", "manual ventilation", "positive pressure ventilation" in Portuguese and English, as well as "bag-valve". DATA SYNTHESIS: 45 articles were selected, most of them experimental. The studies compared manual resuscitator brands and models, and analyzed the physical characteristics of professionals. The effectiveness of ventilation with manual resuscitator depends on the brand, model and functional characteristics of the equipment. Ventilation also varies with the education, training and experience of the professional who handles the equipment. Other factors that can influence effectiveness are the manual resuscitator compression form, the use of a pressure relief valve and the flow of oxygen provided to the manual resuscitator. CONCLUSIONS: The variability of ventilatory parameters during manual resuscitation does not allow a standardization of the technique, being harmful to cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Although most manual resuscitator seem to follow international standards, the equipment must be evaluated in the clinical settings. There are few studies about pediatric and neonatal manual resuscitator models

NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES: a data set on carnivore distribution in the Neotropics

Mammalian carnivores are considered a key group in maintaining ecological health and can indicate potential ecological integrity in landscapes where they occur. Carnivores also hold high conservation value and their habitat requirements can guide management and conservation plans. The order Carnivora has 84 species from 8 families in the Neotropical region: Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Otariidae; Phocidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae. Herein, we include published and unpublished data on native terrestrial Neotropical carnivores (Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae). NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES is a publicly available data set that includes 99,605 data entries from 35,511 unique georeferenced coordinates. Detection/non-detection and quantitative data were obtained from 1818 to 2018 by researchers, governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, and private consultants. Data were collected using several methods including camera trapping, museum collections, roadkill, line transect, and opportunistic records. Literature (peer-reviewed and grey literature) from Portuguese, Spanish and English were incorporated in this compilation. Most of the data set consists of detection data entries (n = 79,343; 79.7%) but also includes non-detection data (n = 20,262; 20.3%). Of those, 43.3% also include count data (n = 43,151). The information available in NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES will contribute to macroecological, ecological, and conservation questions in multiple spatio-temporal perspectives. As carnivores play key roles in trophic interactions, a better understanding of their distribution and habitat requirements are essential to establish conservation management plans and safeguard the future ecological health of Neotropical ecosystems. Our data paper, combined with other large-scale data sets, has great potential to clarify species distribution and related ecological processes within the Neotropics. There are no copyright restrictions and no restriction for using data from this data paper, as long as the data paper is cited as the source of the information used. We also request that users inform us of how they intend to use the data