Desarrollo de un entorno interactivo de visualización de alarmas para la operación de la red de distribución de energía eléctrica

El presente trabajo se enmarca dentro del contexto de la operación de la red de distribución de energía eléctrica. La red de distribución es la parte del sistema de suministro eléctrico cuya función es el suministro de energía desde la subestación de distribución, pasando por líneas de distribución y centros de transformación, hasta los usuarios finales. Consecuentemente, el propósito principal de esta red es garantizar el suministro a usuarios finales, punto en el que aparece la labor de operación, es decir, la supervisión y control de la red de distribución de energía eléctrica por operadores humanos, desde salas de control. Un artefacto de control clave para llevar a cabo esta labor son las alarmas, percibidas por los operadores a través de representaciones visuales o visualizaciones. Su función principal es advertir a los operadores acerca de una condición que se desarrolla cuando el proceso de control se desvía significativamente del modo normal de operación. Sin embargo, en numerosas ocasiones, estas visualizaciones resultan más una carga que una ayuda desplegando volúmenes ingentes de alarmas, lo cual ha sido conceptualizado como “alarm flooding” (“inundaciones de alarmas”). Antes estas situaciones, el operador no es capaz de procesar la información que recibe y por consiguiente, de tomar decisiones efectivas. Esta problemática puede desembocar en situaciones de operación problemáticas e incluso en apagones eléctricos los cuales poseen un impacto altamente negativo en la actividad socio-económica de un país. La solución adoptada para la resolución de esta problemática en el presente trabajo fin de grado es un entorno interactivo de visualización de alarmas para la operación de la red de distribución de energía eléctrica. En concreto, las contribuciones de este proyecto consisten en un entorno que permite la exploración tanto de volúmenes pequeños de alarmas como de volúmenes grandes a través de los distintos elementos eléctricos que componen la infraestructura de red mediante una vista general de las alarmas registradas en la infraestructura de red a través de un mapa que permita situar espacialmente los elementos causantes de las incidencias, y un conjunto de vistas detalladas que están organizadas de acuerdo a los tres elementos eléctricos principales que componen esta red. Además, el entorno permite la extracción de tendencias espacio-temporales sobre las alarmas a fin de ayudar en la detección de problemas en la infraestructura de red mediante las vistas detalladas, que consisten en una serie de gráficos que muestran las alarmas de manera espacio-temporal, de los tres elementos eléctricos principales, a distintos niveles de detalle e interconectados entre ellos mediante técnicas de interacción.This work is framed within the context of the electric distribution network operation. An electric distribution network is the part of the electric power system that delivers electric power from distribution substations, through distribution feeders and transformers to the end users or consumers. Consequently, the main purpose pursued by this network is to ensure the delivery of electricity to end users, which is supervised and controlled by electric power operators from control rooms. Within this context, alarms have become key control artifacts for carrying out this operation, which are presented to the operators through alarm system displays. The principal function of these alarm system displays is to warn operators about a condition that develops when the control process deviates significantly from the normal operation. However, in many cases, these displays are more a burden than help, displaying large volumes of alarms, which has been formally conceptualized as "alarm flooding". To these situations, the operator is not able to process all this alarm information, and therefore to make effective decisions. This problem can lead to problematic operating inefficiencies and even critical operating situations, which can have a highly negative impact on the socio- economic activity of a country. The adopted solution to solve this problem in this final thesis is an alarm interactive visualization environment for the electric distribution network operation. Specifically, the contribution of this project is an environment that enables the exploration of both small and large alarms volumes through distinct electrical elements of the network infrastructure with a general view of alarms registered in the infrastructure through a map that allows spatially locate elements causing incidents alarms, and a set of detailed views that are organized according to the three main electrical components of this network. In addition, the environment allows the extraction of spatial and temporal trends on alarms to help detecting problems in the network infrastructure by the detailed views, which are series of graphs showing the alarms in a space-time way, of the three main electrical elements at different levels of detail and interconnected by interaction techniques.Ingeniería Informátic

A GIS-Based Method for Analysing the Association Between School-Built Environment and Home-School Route Measures with Active Commuting to School in Urban Children and Adolescents

In the current call for a greater human health and well-being as a sustainable development goal, to encourage active commuting to and from school (ACS) seems to be a key factor. Research focusing on the analysis of the association between environmental factors and ACS in children and adolescents has reported limited and inconclusive evidence, so more knowledge is needed about it. The main aim of this study is to examine the association between different built environmental factors of both school neighbourhood and home-school route with ACS of children and adolescents belonging to urban areas. The ACS level was evaluated using a self-reported questionnaire. Built environment variables (i.e., density of residents, street connectivity and mixed land use) within a school catchment area and home-school route characteristics (i.e., distance and pedestrian route directness—PRD) were measured using a geographic information system (GIS) and examined together with ACS levels. Subsequently, the association between environmental factors and ACS was analysed by binary logistic regression. Several cut-off points of the route measures were explored using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. In addition, the PRD was further studied regarding different thresholds. The results showed that 70.5% of the participants were active and there were significant associations between most environmental factors and ACS. Most participants walked to school when routes were short (distance variable in children: OR = 0.980; p = 0.038; and adolescents: OR = 0.866; p < 0.001) and partially direct (PRD variable in children: OR = 11.334; p < 0.001; and adolescents: OR = 3.513; p < 0.001), the latter specially for children. Mixed land uses (OR = 2.037; p < 0.001) and a high density of street intersections (OR = 1.640; p < 0.001) clearly encouraged adolescents walking and slightly discouraged children walking (OR = 0.657, p = 0.010; and OR = 0.692, p = 0.025, respectively). The assessment of ACS together with the environmental factors using GIS separately for children and adolescents can inform future friendly and sustainable communities.Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness DEP2016-75598-REuropean Union (EU) DEP2016-75598-RUniversity of Granada, Plan Propio de Investigacion 2016 (Excellence actions: Unit of Excellence on Exercise and Health -UCEES-)Junta de Andalucía, Consejería de Conocimiento, Investigacion y Universidades, European Regional Development Fund SOMM17/6107/UG

Porosity and fragmentation of the block in the city core: a Nolli’s innovation perspective

We thank the valuable support given by Rafael López-Toribio Moreno in the elaboration of the maps.Urban centrality demands building space that erodes and implodes blocks in the most accessible places. Nolli's map made in 1748 was the first known graphic reference that visualised the phenomenon. The map and its contemporary interpretation are the starting point for this paper. The research has graphic support from existing maps that used Nolli's idea to represent those cities, and other maps created ad hoc. It is argued how territories are divided into small units that fold and wrinkle, drawing the conclusion that they do it to (i) find the maximum useful surface area in the minimum amount of space; (ii) concentrate activity; (iii) enable interaction; (iv) optimise resources; (v) accelerate processes; and (vi) cure urban diseases. Methodologically, this is done in two large sections, one showing erosion, division and fragmentation of the central urban layouts, and another emphasising the importance of architecture extending urban layouts to other directions

Survey Assessment for Decision Support Using Self-Organizing Maps Profile Characterization with an Odds and Cluster Heat Map: Application to Children’s Perception of Urban School Environments

The interpretation of opinion and satisfaction surveys based exclusively on statistical analysis often faces difficulties due to the nature of the information and the requirements of the available statistical methods. These difficulties include the concurrence of categorical information with answers based on Likert scales with only a few levels, or the distancing of the necessary heuristic approach of the decision support system (DSS). The artificial neural network used for data analysis, called Kohonen or self-organizing maps (SOM), although rarely used for survey analysis, has been applied in many fields, facilitating the graphical representation and the simple interpretation of high-dimensionality data. This clustering method, based on unsupervised learning, also allows obtaining profiles of respondents without the need to provide additional information for the creation of these clusters. In this work, we propose the identification of profiles using SOM for evaluating opinion surveys. Subsequently, non-parametric chi-square tests were first conducted to contrast whether answer was independent of each profile found, and in the case of statistical significance (p ≤ 0.05), the odds ratio was evaluated as an indicator of the effect size of such dependence. Finally, all results were displayed in an odds and cluster heat map so that they could be easily interpreted and used to make decisions regarding the survey results. The methodology was applied to the analysis of a survey based on forms administered to children (N = 459) about their perception of the urban environment close to their school, obtaining relevant results, facilitating results interpretation, and providing support to the decision-process.This research was funded by Campus de Excelencia Internacional BIOTIC Granada, University of Granada, grant number V1.2015 and the APC was funded by University of Granada

Evidence of Green Areas, Cycle Infrastructure and Attractive Destinations Working Together in Development on Urban Cycling

The built environment influences and promotes cycling that has now become a challenge for sustainable urban mobility in many cities where this mode of transport carries little weight. This is the case for Granada (Spain), a medium-sized city in southern Europe, which as a university city and with lots of green areas, could find potential supportive factors to promote cycling. Website-apps with a Global Positioning System (GPS), such as Ciclogreen that encourage active accessibility try to promote cycling and are supported by the University of Granada. The aim of this work is to assess the capacity of green areas and some influential factors of their built environment to attract cycling routes. To this end, a spatial analysis was made and interpreted by a statistical model to check the correlation between these factors and a high number of cycling routes through or near the green areas. The results show a high number of cycling routes within urban surroundings that include green areas, cycle lanes, university facilities, and public car parks in proximity relationships. Identifying synergies among these urban factors and the information and incentive coming from a digital catalyst in shape on an app could be useful in urban planning for cycling

A framework to design the computational load distribution of wireless sensor networks in power consumption constrained environments

En este documento, presentamos un trabajo basado en la distribución de la carga computacional entre los nodos homogéneos y el Hub/Sink de las Redes de Sensores Inalámbricos (WSN). La principal contribución del trabajo es un marco de apoyo a las decisiones tempranas que ayuda a los diseñadores de WSN a tomar decisiones sobre la distribución de la carga computacional para aquellas WSN en las que el consumo de energía es una cuestión clave (cuando nos referimos a "marco" en este trabajo, lo consideramos como una herramienta de apoyo para tomar decisiones en las que el juicio ejecutivo puede ser incluido junto con el conjunto de herramientas matemáticas del diseñador de WSN; este trabajo muestra la necesidad de incluir la distribución de la carga como un componente integral del sistema de WSN para tomar decisiones tempranas en relación con el consumo de energía). El marco aprovecha la idea de que equilibrar los nodos sensores y la carga computacional del Hub/Sink puede conducir a un mejor consumo de energía para la totalidad o al menos los nodos alimentados por batería de la WSN. El enfoque no es trivial y tiene en cuenta cuestiones conexas como la distribución de los datos necesarios, los nodos y la conectividad y disponibilidad del Hub/Sink debido a sus características de conectividad y su ciclo de trabajo. Para una demostración práctica, el marco propuesto se aplica a un estudio de caso de agricultura, un sector muy relevante en nuestra región. En este tipo de contexto rural, las distancias, los bajos costos debido a los precios de venta de las verduras y la falta de suministro continuo de energía pueden dar lugar a soluciones de detección viables o inviables para los agricultores. El marco propuesto sistematiza y facilita a los diseñadores de las WSN los complejos cálculos necesarios teniendo en cuenta las variables más relevantes en cuanto al consumo de energía, evitando implementaciones completas/parciales/prototipos, y mediciones de diferentes soluciones potenciales de distribución de la carga computacional para una WSN específica.In this paper, we present a work based on the computational load distribution among the homogeneous nodes and the Hub/Sink of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). The main contribution of the paper is an early decision support framework helping WSN designers to take decisions about computational load distribution for those WSNs where power consumption is a key issue (when we refer to “framework” in this work, we are considering it as a support tool to make decisions where the executive judgment can be included along with the set of mathematical tools of the WSN designer; this work shows the need to include the load distribution as an integral component of the WSN system for making early decisions regarding energy consumption). The framework takes advantage of the idea that balancing sensors nodes and Hub/Sink computational load can lead to improved energy consumption for the whole or at least the battery-powered nodes of the WSN. The approach is not trivial and it takes into account related issues such as the required data distribution, nodes, and Hub/Sink connectivity and availability due to their connectivity features and duty-cycle. For a practical demonstration, the proposed framework is applied to an agriculture case study, a sector very relevant in our region. In this kind of rural context, distances, low costs due to vegetable selling prices and the lack of continuous power supplies may lead to viable or inviable sensing solutions for the farmers. The proposed framework systematize and facilitates WSN designers the required complex calculations taking into account the most relevant variables regarding power consumption, avoiding full/partial/prototype implementations, and measurements of different computational load distribution potential solutions for a specific WSN.• Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad y Fondos FEDER. Proyecto TIN2015-69957-R (I+D+i) • Project International Institute of Investigation and Innovation of Aging. Ref. 0445_4IE_4_P • European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through the Interreg V-A Spain Portugal Program (POCTEP) 2014-2020peerReviewe

Emplacement et localisation dans l’origine et le développement de la forme urbaine des Villes Moyennes andalouses de l’intérieur

The current urban form of Medium–Sized inland Andalusian Cities is a consequence of an incremental development complex and diverse throughout time. The morphological characteristics of historic centres, based on the distinctive features of its location, show evidence for a degree of urban cohesion and a type of relationship with the surrounding territories which surpasses subsequent development. The former, derived from its location in a greater spatial setting, are arranged by means of a more recent urban planning disregarding these factors. This contribution tries to define the different areas in a city affected by this morphological transformation and the main urban elements which compose them, as well as to identify major factors influencing this transformation, with the aim to underline a need for revision in the instruments of general planning in these cities to favour a greater urban balance.La forma urbana actual de la ciudad media andaluza de interior es consecuencia de un proceso de crecimiento acumulativo, complejo y diverso en el tiempo. Las características morfológicas de su centro histórico, fundamentadas en las particularidades de su emplazamiento, presentan un grado de cohesión urbana y un tipo de relación con el resto del territorio que aventajan a las de sus crecimientos posteriores; éstas últimas, derivadas de su localización en un ámbito espacial mayor, son ordenadas mediante un planeamiento reciente poco atento a estos factores. Este trabajo pretende caracterizar tanto las distintas áreas de la ciudad implicadas en esta transformación morfológica como los principales elementos urbanos que las componen, así como identificar los factores influyentes en la misma, con objeto de evidenciar la necesidad de una revisión de los instrumentos de planificación general de estas ciudades, en aras de un mayor equilibrio urbano.La forme urbaine actuelle de la ville moyenne andalouse de l’intérieur est la conséquence d’un processus de croissance accumulative, complexe et diverse dans le temps. Les caractéristiques morphologiques de son centre historique, qui dépendent des particularités de son emplacement, présentent un plus grand degré de cohésion urbaine et une relation plus étroite avec le reste du territoire que celles de leurs développements ultérieurs ; ces dernières, dérivées de leur localisation dans un cadre spacial plus grand, sont ordonnées selon une approche récente qui prend peu en compte ces facteurs. Ce travail prétend d’une part caractériser les différents milieux de la ville impliqués dans cette transformation morphologique ainsi que les principaux éléments urbains qui les composent et, d’autre part, identifier les facteurs qui influent sur celle–ci, afin de mettre en évidence la nécessité d’une révision des instruments de planification générale de ces villes, en vue d’un meilleur équilibre urbain

Viejas y nuevas centralidades en las ciudades medias andaluzas: Evolución y estrategias urbanas

Since the last quarter of last century, the traditional elements of centrality located in historic centers of medium-sized Andalusian cities have cohabitated alongside other, very distinct focuses of urban attraction. A multiple diversity of new centralities takes place, whose appearance and location on the urban and territorial scene is grounded in the crystallization of distinct factors. On the one hand, the incorporation of new activities and a greater development and diffusion of the already existing ones has given rise to a new scale of architecture in these cities. On the other hand, the substitution of the traditional uses by others of greater directionality produces a specialization of the urban center. Likewise, the infrastructures, understood as central elements which interact with the city, tend to stimulate or strangle the urban fabric, depending on the suitability of their type and layout. This article seeks to show the traditional centralities and to elucidate the processes which have given rise to those which are most contemporary, different from the previous ones; to sketch the future urban situation of these cities, passing through the reformulation of their old and new centralities in consideration of adequate urban strategies.Desde el último cuarto del siglo pasado, los tradicionales elementos de centralidad localizados en los centros históricos de las ciudades medias andaluzas, conviven con otros focos de atracción urbana bien distintos. Tiene lugar una diversidad múltiple de nuevas centralidades, cuya aparición y localización en la escena urbana y territorial se fundamenta en la cristalización de distintos factores. Por un lado, la incorporación de nuevas actividades y un mayor desarrollo y difusión de otras ya existentes, ha dado lugar a una nueva escala de la arquitectura en estas ciudades. Por otro lado, la sustitución de los usos tradicionales por otros de mayor direccionalidad produce una especialización del centro urbano. Igualmente, las infraestructuras, entendidas como elementos centrales que interactúan con la ciudad, tienden a estimular o estrangular el tejido urbano dependiendo de la idoneidad de su tipo y trazado. Este artículo persigue evidenciar las centralidades tradicionales y esclarecer los procesos que han dado lugar a las de mayor contemporaneidad, diferentes a las anteriores. Esbozar el futuro urbano de estas ciudades pasa por la reformulación de sus viejas y nuevas centralidades mediante la consideración de estrategias urbanas adecuadas