From dangerous citizens to foreign criminals: effects on human rights and state sovereignty of recent international and European responses to the terrorist threat

The so-called “terrorist diaspora” of Foreign Terrorist Fighters (FTFs) to their countries of residence after the defeat of Daesh is a primary concern not only for European countries, but also for the international community as a whole. Some studies have been focused on the causes of this phenomenon and its effects. However, less attention has been paid to the effects of counter-terrorism measures. Since Resolution 1373, the United Nations Security Council has been developing a binding global framework against terrorism, and Resolution 2178 is the icing on this cake. This framework, accepted by many regional organizations such as the European Union and the Council of Europe, forces States to adopt measures against FTFs in areas of criminal, administrative and civil law. Firstly, these measures affect individuals because of the restrictions imposed on certain fundamental rights, such as privacy or freedom of movement. Secondly, a radical interpretation of these measures followed by its unilateral adoption can cause anarchy in the international relations between the States of origin of FTFs and the States of destination. For instance, measures preventing the movement of terrorists can be translated into the expulsion of residents or nationality deprivation, driving them to countries with less capabilities to deal with this risk. A strategy which, at the end, will increase instability in a globalised world. For these reasons, this paper proposes that the global and European frameworks against FTFs should be used as a tool to coordinate efforts, and not as a justification to defend short-term national security interests to the detriment of long-term international security.La denominada «diáspora» de combatientes terroristas extranjeros (CTE) a sus países de residencia tras la derrota del Daesh es una preocupación no sólo para los Estados europeos, sino también para la comunidad internacional en su conjunto. Varios estudios se han centrado en las causas de este fenómeno y sus efectos. Sin embargo, menos atención se ha prestado a los efectos de las medidas antiterroristas adoptadas. Desde la Resolución 1373, el Consejo de Seguridad de Naciones Unidas ha desarrollado un marco global de lucha contra el terrorismo, y la Resolución 2178 es la guinda de este papel. Este marco, aceptado por múltiples organizaciones regionales como la Unión Europea y el Consejo de Europa, obliga a los Estados a adoptar diversas medidas contra los CTE en materia de derecho penal, administrativo y civil. En primer lugar, estas medidas afectan a los individuos ya que imponen restricciones en ciertos derechos fundamentales, tales como el derecho a la libertad o a la libre circulación. En segundo lugar, una interpretación radical de estas medidas seguidas de una adopción unilateral puede causar la anarquía en las relaciones internacionales entre los Estados de origen de los CTE y los Estados de destino. Por ejemplo, las medidas que buscan prevenir la circulación de terroristas pueden traducirse en la expulsión de residentes o en la revocación de su nacionalidad, guiándolos hacia países con menos capacidades para lidiar con este riesgo. Una estrategia que, al final, incrementará la inestabilidad en un mundo globalizado. Por estas razones, este estudio propone que el marco global y europeo contra los CTE debe ser utilizado como una herramienta para coordinar esfuerzos, y no como una justificación para defender intereses de seguridad nacional a corto plazo en detrimento de la seguridad internacional a largo plazo

The EU Directive in combating terrorism and the criminalization of travelling: ajustified exception to the free movement of persons?

Over the past few years, the phenomenon of foreign terrorist fighters has deeply influenced criminal law. The United Nations, the Council of Europe and the European Union have called upon States to criminalise certain conducts linked to the behaviour of these criminals, such as travelling abroad for terrorist purposes. These measures have been considered by many as an unjustified restriction on the free movement of persons guaranteed by several human rights instruments. Taking into account that the development of EU criminal law is based on the assumption that every member State has an adequate system of protection of fundamental rights, this criticism cannot be ignored. In this sense, an analysis of relevant case law on the restrictions of freedom of movement is highly useful to understand the position of the judiciary on the matter, and to identify possible difficulties in implementing these restrictions of free movement in national systems.UNIVERSIDAD DE GANTEUniversidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

An Analytical Solution for Probabilistic Guarantees of Reservation Based Soft Real-Time Systems

We show a methodology for the computation of the probability of deadline miss for a periodic real-time task scheduled by a resource reservation algorithm. We propose a modelling technique for the system that reduces the computation of such a probability to that of the steady state probability of an infinite state Discrete Time Markov Chain with a periodic structure. This structure is exploited to develop an efficient numeric solution where different accuracy/computation time trade-offs can be obtained by operating on the granularity of the model. More importantly we offer a closed form conservative bound for the probability of a deadline miss. Our experiments reveal that the bound remains reasonably close to the experimental probability in one real-time application of practical interest. When this bound is used for the optimisation of the overall Quality of Service for a set of tasks sharing the CPU, it produces a good sub-optimal solution in a small amount of time.Comment: IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems, Volume:27, Issue: 3, March 201

Dos Carriceros Tordales (Acrocephalus arundinaceus) iniciando la muda completa en el centro de España

Entre el maig i l'octubre de 1997 es van capturar dos adults de balquer que estaven iniciant la muda completa a l'àrea de cria. Se suggereix que aquests ocells podrien haver completat la muda o haver-la interromput a l'àrea de cria, o potser podrien haver iniciat la migració de tardor en muda activa

What kind of struggle is the popular struggle? : Laclau and Dussel facing the subject of emancipation

La pregunta por el sujeto de la emancipación es un eje problemático que recorre de manera transversal el amplio campo de producción de las nuevas teorías críticas luego de la crisis del marxismo hacia finales del siglo XX. Ernesto Laclau y Enrique Dussel son dos autores que, en ese marco, han intentado recuperar la noción de “pueblo" como categoría medular para explicar la praxis política desde los sectores subalternos. El presente trabajo se propone abordar en clave comparada los diálogos implícitos y explícitos que ambos autores mantienen con la tradición marxista a la hora de construir dicha categoría. Con el objeto de incorporar herramientas para edificar una teoría política emancipatoria, en estas páginas pretendemos desandar los distintos itinerarios teóricos que Laclau y Dussel siguen para pensar la relación entre “pueblo" y clases sociales, o, en otros términos, entre lucha popular y lucha de clases.The question about subject of emancipation is a problematic idea that transversally explores the broad field of the production of new critical theories after the marxism crisis towards the end of the 20st Century. Ernesto Laclau and Enrique Dussel are two authors who have tried to gain back the concept of “people" as a central category to explain political praxis from popular sectors. This work covers analyze the implicit and explicit dialogues that the authors keep with the marxist tradition when it comes to building up such category. In these pages, with the objective of incorporating tools to bild an emancipatory political theory, we want to retrace the different theoretical routes that Laclau and Dussel follow to link “people" and social classes, or, in other words, popular struggle and class struggle.Fil: Frías, Javier. Universidad Nacional de Cuy