Time-calibrated phylogram of Lambeosaurinae based on the phylogenetic hypothesis shown in Fig. 25.

<p>The circles at each node represent the relative probabilities for the ancestral areas inferred using the Bayesian Binary MCMC method (BBM) of Yu et al. <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0069835#pone.0069835-Yu2" target="_blank">[105]</a>, implemented in RASP 2.0b <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0069835#pone.0069835-Yu3" target="_blank">[127]</a>.</p

Time-calibrated phylogram of Lambeosaurinae based on the phylogenetic hypothesis shown in Fig. 25.

<p>The circles at each node represent the relative probabilities for the ancestral areas inferred via Dispersal Cladogenesis Extinction analysis (DEC <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0069835#pone.0069835-Ree2" target="_blank">[129]</a>), implemented in RASP 2.0b <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0069835#pone.0069835-Yu3" target="_blank">[127]</a>.</p

Selected maxillary measurements (in mm) of <i>Pararhabdodon isonensis</i>.

<p>Selected maxillary measurements (in mm) of <i>Pararhabdodon isonensis</i>.</p

Indeterminate lambeosaurine dentary, IPS 29920.

<p>A. Lateral view. B. Medial view. C. Dorsal view. D. Detail of the symphyseal process in dorsal view, as it is currently prepared. E. Detail of the symphyseal process in dorsal view, showing its artificial greater lingual elongation caused by the former (pre-2008) preparation of the specimen.</p

Diversity, Relationships, and Biogeography of the Lambeosaurine Dinosaurs from the European Archipelago, with Description of the New Aralosaurin <i>Canardia garonnensis</i>

<div><p>We provide a thorough re-evaluation of the taxonomic diversity, phylogenetic relationships, and historical biogeography of the lambeosaurine hadrosaurids from the European Archipelago. Previously published occurrences of European Lambeosaurinae are reviewed and new specimens collected from upper Maastrichtian strata of the south-central Pyrenees are described. No support is found for the recognition of European saurolophines in the available hadrosaurid materials recovered so far from this area. A new genus and species of basal lambeosaurine, <i>Canardia garonnensis</i>, is described on the basis of cranial and appendicular elements collected from upper Maastrichtian strata of southern France. <i>C. garonnensis</i> differs from all other hadrosaurids, except <i>Aralosaurus tuberiferus</i>, in having maxilla with prominent subrectangular rostrodorsal flange; it differs from <i>A. tuberiferus</i> in a few maxillary and prefrontal characters. Together with <i>A. tuberiferus</i>, <i>C. garonnensis</i> integrates the newly recognized tribe Aralosaurini. Inference of lambeosaurine interrelationships via maximum parsimony analysis indicates that the other three known European lambeosaurines are representatives of two additional subclades (tribes) of these hadrosaurids: Tsintaosaurini (<i>Pararhabdodon isonensis</i>) and Lambeosaurini (the <i>Arenysaurus ardevoli</i>-<i>Blasisaurus canudoi</i> clade). The tribes Aralosaurini, Tsintaosaurini, Lambeosaurini, and Parasaurolophini are formally defined and diagnosed for the first time. Three event-based quantitative methods of ancestral range reconstruction were implemented to infer the historical biogeography of European lambeosaurines: Dispersal-Vicariance Analysis, Bayesian Binary MCMC, and Dispersal-Extinction-Cladogenesis. The results of these analyses, coupled with the absence of pre-Maastrichtian lambeosaurines in the Mesozoic vertebrate fossil record of Europe, favor the hypothesis that aralosaurins and tsintaosaurins were Asian immigrants that reached the Ibero-Armorican island via dispersal events sometime during the Maastrichtian. Less conclusive is the biogeographical history of European lambeosaurins; several scenarios, occurring sometime during the Maastrichtian, are possible, from vicariance leading to the splitting of Asian or North American from European ranges to a dispersal event from North America to the European Archipelago.</p></div

Selected measurements (in mm) of the Serrat del Corb lambeosaurine.

<p>Selected measurements (in mm) of the Serrat del Corb lambeosaurine.</p

<i>Canardia garonnensis</i>, MDE-Ma3–30, right pterygoid.

<p>Pterygoid in lateral (A) and medial (B) views.</p

Phylogenetic relationships of lambeosaurine taxa from the European Archipelago.

<p>Consensus tree of the five most parsimonious trees resulting from maximum parsimony analysis. The numbers above the branches represent bootstrap frequencies, whereas those below are decay indices (Bremer support).</p

<i>Canardia garonnensis</i>, selected appendicular elements.

<p>A. Left scapula (MDE-Ma3–21) in lateral view. B. Left sternal plate (MDE-Ma3–24) in ventrolateral view. C. Distal blade of left scapula (MDE-Ma3–12) in lateral view. D. Right pubis (MDE-Ma3–23) in lateral view. E. Left humerus (MDE-Ma3–20) in medial view. F. Rostral view of same. G. Lateral view of same.</p

Geographical location of European lambeosaurine localities.

<p>Maps constructed, in part, from the data and maps provided by Pereda-Suberbiola et al. <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0069835#pone.0069835-PeredaSuberbiola1" target="_blank">[11]</a>, Cruzado-Caballero et al. <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0069835#pone.0069835-CruzadoCaballero2" target="_blank">[12]</a>, Laurent et al. <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0069835#pone.0069835-Laurent2" target="_blank">[16]</a>, Laurent <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0069835#pone.0069835-Laurent3" target="_blank">[17]</a>, Bilotte et al. <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0069835#pone.0069835-Bilotte1" target="_blank">[18]</a>, Riera et al. <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0069835#pone.0069835-Riera1" target="_blank">[24]</a>, Brinkmann <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0069835#pone.0069835-Brinkmann1" target="_blank">[76]</a>, and Prieto-Márquez et al. <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0069835#pone.0069835-PrietoMrquez8" target="_blank">[80]</a>.</p