The atmosphere of Mars and optical communications

The effects of the Martian atmosphere on an optical communication link are analyzed using Mariner 9, Viking Orbiter, and Viking Lander data. Clouds are found to have minimal effect because of their scarcity and thinness. Dust (from dust storms) has the dominant impact on opacity. However, periods of reduced visibility are infrequent and more closely resemble the effects of thin clouds on the earth. A simple argument is presented which suggests that the Martian atmosphere has fewer turbulence related effects (i.e., Mars has better resolution, lower image wander, and less scintillation) than the best of the earth's ground based locations

The principle of the space activity suit

Space activity suit designed for active astronaut working in vacuum environments for up to four hour

The development of an elastic reverse gradient garment to be used as a countermeasure for cardiovascular deconditioning

Using a new nomex lycra elastic fabric and individualized garment engineering techniques, reverse gradient garments (RGG's) were designed, constructed, and tested for effectiveness as a countermeasure against cardiovascular deconditioning. By combining torso compensated positive pressure breathing with a distally diminishing gradient of counterpressure supplied by the elastic fabric on the limbs, the RGG acts to pool blood in the extremities of recumbent persons much as though they were standing erect in 1 g. The RGG stresses the vasculature in a fashion similar to that experienced by the normally active man, hence preventing or limiting the development of post weightlessness orthostatic intolerance and related conditions. Four male, college age subjects received daily treatments with the RGG during a 15 day bedrest study. Four additional subjects also underwent the bedrest, but received no treatments; they served as controls. The preliminary indication was that the RGG was somewhat effective in limiting the deconditioning process

Rate of heat extraction controller for environmental control

Automatic control device measures a physiological parameter related to heat production and conditions it to control the heat removal capacity of a watercooled environmental control suit

The development of an elastic reverse gradient garment to be used as a countermeasure for cardiovascular deconditioning

Using a new Nomex-Lycra elastic fabric and individualized garment engineering techniques, reverse gradient garments (RGG's) were designed, constructed, and tested for effectiveness as a countermeasure against cardiovascular deconditioning. By combining torso-compensated positive pressure breathing with a distally diminishing gradient of counterpressure supplied by the elastic fabric on the limbs, the RGG acts to pool blood in the extremities of recumbent persons much as though they were standing erect in 1 g. It was theorized that through the use of a dynamic pressurization scheme, the RGG would stress the vasculature in a fashion similar to that experienced by the noramlly active man, hence preventing or limiting the development of post-weightlessness orthostatic intolerance and related conditions. Four male, college-age subjects received daily treatments with the RGG during a 15-day bedrest study. Four additional subjects also underwent the bedrest, but received no treatments; they served as controls. The design and construction of the garments are described, and results of the treatment related measurements are given

Cycles in metabolism and heat loss

Using calorimetric techniques, subjects' metabolism, thermoregulation, and body temperatures were monitored continuously for 24-hour days, using three types of experimental routines. A water cooling garment (WCG) was used for direct calorimetry, while partitional calorimetry was used to establish a non-suited comparison for one of the routines. In this replicated routine, called the quiet day, the subjects were sedentary throughout the daytime hours and slept normally at night. Results indicate that the WCG may act to reduce 24-hour total oxygen consumption (VO2) or heat production, possibly due to the lowered energy cost of thermoregulation

Understanding Cathedral visitors: psychological type and individual differences in experience and appreciation

This article examines the experience and appreciation of 381 visitors to St Davids Cathedral in West Wales through the lens of Jungian psychological type theory. The data demonstrate that St Davids Cathedral attracts more introverts than extraverts, more sensers than intuitives, and more judgers than perceivers, but equal proportions of thinkers and feelers. The data also demonstrate that different aspects of the visitor experience appeals to different psychological types. Sensers are more attracted than intuitives by the facts, information, and data they encounter on their visit. Feelers are more attracted than thinkers by the atmosphere and wider ambience generated by the cathedral during their visit. The implications of these findings are discussed for understanding and developing the way in which cathedrals may develop the visitor experience

Fine particle pollution : residential air quality (1991)

"New October 1991.""North Central Regional Publication 393 October 1991.""Kansas State University, Umberger Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506 [publishing state].

GT342

Funded in cooperation with the Kansas Association for Family and Community Education.Patty Annis, "The cost of comfort," Kansas State University, October 1994