Syria and the Responsibility to Protect

The civilian protection agenda has tried to fill critical gaps in the existing normative architecture through the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) and protection of civilians (POC) as sibling norms.1 Despite these two valuable additions to the repertoire of the international community in dealing with civilian victims of armed conflicts, many gaps remain in the protection agenda, as shown in several cases—from Cyclone Nargis in Myanmar to Darfur and, most prominently this year, Syria

Libya and the Responsibility to Protect: Between Opportunistic Humanitarianism and Value-Free Pragmatism

Since the Treaty of Westphalia, sovereignty has been backed by the norm of nonintervention. By contrast, the responsibility to protect (R2P) strikes a balance between unauthorised unilateral interventions and institutionalised indifference. With a rapidly deteriorating humanitarian situation in Libya in early 2011, the United Nations (UN) authorised the use of force to protect an imminent slaughter of civilians but prohibited taking sides in the internal civil war, intervening with ground troops, or effecting forcible regime change. The record of NATO actions in Libya marks a triumph for R2P but also raises questions about how to prevent the abuse of UN authority to use international force for purposes beyond human protection

Segmentation of Document Using Discriminative Context-free Grammar Inference and Alignment Similarities

Text Documents present a great challenge to the field of document recognition. Automatic segmentation and layout analysis of documents is used for interpretation and machine translation of documents. Document such as research papers, address book, news etc. is available in the form of un-structured format. Extracting relevant Knowledge from this document has been recognized as promising task. Extracting interesting rules form it is complex and tedious process. Conditional random fields (CRFs) utilizing contextual information, hand-coded wrappers to label the text (such as Name, Phone number and Address etc). In this paper we propose a novel approach to infer grammar rules using alignment similarity and discriminative context-free grammar. It helps in extracting desired information from the document. DOI: 10.17762/ijritcc2321-8169.160410

Context-free Grammar Extraction form Web Document using Probabilities Association

The explosive growth of World Wide Web resulted in the largest Knowledge base ever developed and made available to the public. These documents are typically formatted for human viewing (HTML) and vary widely from document to document. So we can’t construct a global schema, discovery of rules from it is complex and tedious process. Most of the existing system uses hand coded wrappers to extract information, which is monotonous and time consuming. Learning grammatical information from given set of Web pages (HTML) has attracted lots of attention in the past decades. In this paper I proposed a method of learning Context-free grammar rules from HTML documents using probabilities association of HTML tags. DOI: 10.17762/ijritcc2321-8169.160410

Information Extraction using Context-free Grammatical Inference from Positive Examples

Information extraction from textual data has various applications, such as semantic search. Learning from positive example have theoretical limitations, for many useful applications (including natural languages), substantial part of practical structure (CFG) can be captured by framework introduced in this paper. Our approach to automate identification of structural information is based on grammatical inference. This paper mainly introduces the Context-free Grammar learning from positive examples. We aim to extract Information from unstructured and semi-structured document using Grammatical Inference. DOI: 10.17762/ijritcc2321-8169.15064

Global Public Goods and Peace and Security in Asia

この論文は、20世紀の冷戦時代を反映する従来の安全保障パラダイムから離れることによって、地域の平和と安全保障を分析する新しいアプローチを開拓しようとするものである。経済学から借りてきたこの新しいアプローチは、平和と安全保障を地球公共財とみなす。最初の部分で、本論文は「地球公共財」を、例外なしに誰もが享受できる万人の利益として定義する。第2節では、アジア一太平洋地域が、2つの地理的な構成要素を持っていた従来の安全保障構造という文脈において、考察される。第二次世界大戦の後に発達したこの安全保障体制は、ソピエトの脅威を封じ込めようとしていたヨーロツパ大西洋間の協力関係を反映するようになった。このヨーロッパの安全保障体制がすでに崩壊した一方で、アジアのそれは本質的にそのまま残存している。そのことは、旧ソ連と東ヨーロッパで起こった広範囲にわたる政治的経済的変化が、アジアの共産主義諸国には及ばなかったということを示している。そして、ソ連と東ヨーロツパの共産主義を崩壊させたドミノ効果が、アジアにおいては見られなかったことを示している。アジアでは共産主義体制がまだ存在している。さらに、ヨーロッパではかなりの程度の軍備管理と軍備縮小が達成されたが、アジア太平洋地域では軍備が拡大された。本論文はこの節で、この地域における権力関係の構造を考察し、安全と安定性という地域の公共財を確保する上で重要な5つのプレーヤー（アメリカ合衆国、中国、日本、ロシアとインド）の各々を分析する。さらに、これらそれぞれの大国の観点からこの地域の主要傾向を浮き彫りにする。非核地帯構想（NWFZ）と地域の経済協力は、安全保障を地球公共財たらしめている特定の主要な地域的構成要素の一つである。本論文は、南アジアと北東アジアにおけるNWFZの見通しは厳しいと指摘する一方で、経済的地域協力に関してはより楽観的である。アジアの経済危機は、地域の及び地球公共財に対して、よく機能している地域市場の重要性を強調するために引き合いに出されている。本論文の第3節では、グローパル・ガヴァナンス、人間の安全保障、NGOの役割、人権と人道的干渉に特に注目することによって、新しい千年紀にグローバライゼーションがもたらした新しい問題と関係を探求する。このますます複雑化し多様化している世界においては、自然の共有財（naturalcommons）、貿易関税、軍事安全保障という伝統的な地球公共財が、きれいな空気、健康、財政的安定性、知識管理などへ変容することが要請されている。第4節では、国連が、中間的な地球公共財であるということが確認される。従って、国連は平和、繁栄、持続可能な発展とグッド・ガヴァナンスという地球公共財を促進するための形態と利点を備えているのであり、国連のヴィジョンと価値へのよりいっそうのコミットメントが要請されている

The elected but neglected security council members

Many of the pressing policy challenges confronting the world’s countries and peoples—climate change, pandemics, food and water scarcity, terrorism, financial meltdown—are international in origin and nature, global in scope and effects, and require concerted multilateral action led by the major powers. However, the responsibility for making policy and the authority to mobilize the requisite coercive resources to tackle the threats remain vested in sovereign states. Absent a world government, the order, stability, and predictability in international transactions comes from global governance operating as a patchwork of authority structures which produce generally adhered-to norms to regulate behavior, and layers of mechanisms to punish noncompliance.1 The architecture of global governance consists of international and regional intergovernmental organizations; a ‘soft’ layer of informal general-purpose groupings of states—such as the old G7, new G20, and the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) groupings; as well as transnational civil society and market actors that have exploded in numbers, role, and influence

Design of Mamdani - Type Model for Predicting the Future Price of Fuel on the Basis of Demand and Supply

This paper presents the design of fuzzy inference system for predicting the price of the petroleum product on the basis of demand and supply. As the demand increases and the supply decreases the price of petroleum products also increases. Modeling of efficient price estimation system on the basis of two inputs as demand and supply using Mamdani model is presented in this paper. The inference engines are modeled using the FIS editor of Fuzzy Logic toolbox, a tool of Matlab. Out of various methods available, Center of gravity (CG) defuzzification method is used for obtaining the crisp output. It is proposed to consistently handle all linguistic derivations that allow “IF-THEN” formulation by applying Fuzzy Logic (FL). The parameters for the input variables and output variable and their membership functions works on the range of the values for demand and supply. The results obtained are analyzed to explore the design space. DOI: 10.17762/ijritcc2321-8169.15063