Translating research findings into practice: example of treatment services for adolescents in managed care.

An important question in the alcoholism treatment field is how research findings can be translated into real-world clinical practice. Researchers have developed a new research-practice integration (RPI) model that can both drive the formulation of studies and new research questions and promote improvements in treatment quality. The hallmark of this model is a collaborative relationship between the key stakeholders in both alcohol and other drug (AOD) treatment and research, including health plan administrators and clinicians, treatment program administrators, psychiatry and primary care departments, patients and their families, purchasers, and researchers. The issue of technology transfer is especially relevant in the realm of adolescent AOD treatment. The implementation and feasibility of the RPI model are illustrated by a case study of a managed health care plan's treatment services for adolescents with AOD dependence. In this setting, key research findings are being used to shape the plan's adolescent health services

An Inordinate Fondness for Beetles: A Study of Insect Species Diversity and Abundance in Mazumbai Forest Reserve Versus Nearby Agricultural Areas

This study investigates how human disturbance of ecosystems alters insect diversity and abundance, specifically exploring how insect communities inside Mazumbai Forest Reserve in Tanzania differ from insect communities in agricultural areas near the reserve. Following methods of previous studies on the effect of disturbance on insect populations (Bellamy et al. 2018; McLaughlin & Mineau 1995; Perry et al. 2016), this research utilizes pitfall traps and yellow bowl traps in multiple locations throughout the two study areas to catch insects, which are then identified to their specific order. The collected data support the hypothesis that insect order diversity and abundance vary per location. Insect communities in agricultural areas are more diverse, likely explained by the intermediate disturbance hypothesis. However, insects are significantly more abundant in the forest reserve than agricultural areas; areas subject to less human disturbance have larger insect communities, an important signifier of a habitat viability

The Social Effect the Law had on Prostitutes in Ancient Rome

Prostitution was popular and common in Ancient Rome. Although Ancient Romans frequented brothels, early laws put into place by the Republic treated prostitutes as lowly individuals which caused the people of Rome to view them negatively. Eventually, the Republic changed the laws and consequently the views on prostitutes. Later laws essentially legitimized prostitution by allowing them to avoid fines for illicit sexual activities and eventually placed a tax on prostitution much like that on the regular businesses of the time. These shifts in the way prostitutes were treated legally allowed for a large shift in public perception of them as well. By taxing prostitution, the Republic allowed the people of Rome to shift their view of sex workers from lesser beings to legitimate businessmen/ businesswomen

A roentgenographic cephalometric comparison of bite opening efficacy using cervical traction gear, cervical traction gear with meisal spur, and anterior high pull gear

Thesis (M.Sc.D.)--Boston University School of Graduate Dentistry, 1975. Orthodontics.Bibliography included.The effects of extraoral traction on anterior bite opening were studied. Twenty-seven patients were divided into three groups and treated with either cervical traction, cervical traction with incisal spur, or anterior high pull gear. Significant changes in molar extrusion and mandibular plane contributed directly to overbite reduction. The CTG with Kuhn spur exerted maximum influence on these variables. Incisor intrusion, palatal plane and occlusal plane were not shown to be significantly effected by extraoral traction. However, the data was suggestive of vari ability between appliances. Perhaps if the sample size was increased, significant differences might become apparent. The greatest reduction of apical base discrepancy was observed with appliances having posterior force vectors . The anterior high pull gear showed little success in reducing point A

Sonogashira Coupling Routes to Ortho-Alkynl-and- Fused-Ring Sydnones

In the present work, suitably functionalized arylsydnones were used to synthesize a variety of ortho-alkynyl sydnones both as potential precursors to novel sydnoquinolines and to provide non-linear optical (NLO) species of interest to Wright-Patterson Air Force Base (WPAFB). The versatile intermediate, 3-(2-(trimethylsilylethynyl)phenyl)sydnone, was prepared in good yield by the coupling of 3-(2-iodophenyl)sydnone with trimethylsilyl acetylene under Sonogashira conditions. From this intermediate, several ortho-alkynyl sydnones were prepared via a one-pot desilylation with tetrabutylammonium fluoride and Sonogashira coupling with para-substituted aryl iodides. In addition, a three-reaction-in-one-pot procedure was developed to access some of these species directly from 3-(2- iodophenyl)-sydnone. Subsequent reaction of these species with electrophiles has been examined as an avenue to novel sydnoquinolines. For example, there is evidence that the electrophile phenylselenyl chloride has induced cyclization of 3-(2- (phenylethynyl)phenyl)sydnone and 3-(2-(4-methoxyphenylethynyl)phenyl)sydnone in moderate yield. Similarly, concentrated sulfuric acid has effected cyclization of 3-(2- (phenylethynyl)phenyl)sydnone and 3-(2-(4-bromophenylethynyl)phenyl)sydnone, also in low yield. In contrast, trifluoroacetic acid and trifluoromethanesulfonic acid transform these species into novel cinnolines, presumably via sydnone ring cleavage followed by acid-induced cyclization. Sonogashira coupling routes were used to add additional para-alkynylphenyl moieties to the above-mentioned ortho-alkynyl sydnones and generate oligomeric alkynyl sydnones. The aim of this endeavor was to fulfill an interest of the United States Air Force in these species as ligands for the preparation of platinum-centered NLO materials. 3-(2-Ethynylphenyl)sydnone was synthesized from 3-phenylsydnone in a three-step process with an overall yield of 27% to analytically pure material. Similarly, 3-(2-(4- ethynylphenyl-ethynyl)phenyl)sydnone, was synthesized in seven steps at an overall yield of 21%, and 3-(2-(4-(4-ethynyl)phenylethynyl)phenylethynyl)phenyl)sydnone was synthesized in ten steps at an overall 11% yield. A great aid to obtaining these relatively high overall yields was the ability to perform multiple steps of the syntheses in one pot (e.g. three reactions in one pot) at certain points en route. Finally, the above oligomeric alkynyl sydnones were converted into the corresponding 3,4-dicarbomethoxypyrazoles (potential NLO monomers) in moderate to good yield by 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition with dimethylacetylene dicarboxylate

Sonogashira Coupling Routes to Ortho-Alkynl-and- Fused-Ring Sydnones

In the present work, suitably functionalized arylsydnones were used to synthesize a variety of ortho-alkynyl sydnones both as potential precursors to novel sydnoquinolines and to provide non-linear optical (NLO) species of interest to Wright-Patterson Air Force Base (WPAFB). The versatile intermediate, 3-(2-(trimethylsilylethynyl)phenyl)sydnone, was prepared in good yield by the coupling of 3-(2-iodophenyl)sydnone with trimethylsilyl acetylene under Sonogashira conditions. From this intermediate, several ortho-alkynyl sydnones were prepared via a one-pot desilylation with tetrabutylammonium fluoride and Sonogashira coupling with para-substituted aryl iodides. In addition, a three-reaction-in-one-pot procedure was developed to access some of these species directly from 3-(2- iodophenyl)-sydnone. Subsequent reaction of these species with electrophiles has been examined as an avenue to novel sydnoquinolines. For example, there is evidence that the electrophile phenylselenyl chloride has induced cyclization of 3-(2- (phenylethynyl)phenyl)sydnone and 3-(2-(4-methoxyphenylethynyl)phenyl)sydnone in moderate yield. Similarly, concentrated sulfuric acid has effected cyclization of 3-(2- (phenylethynyl)phenyl)sydnone and 3-(2-(4-bromophenylethynyl)phenyl)sydnone, also in low yield. In contrast, trifluoroacetic acid and trifluoromethanesulfonic acid transform these species into novel cinnolines, presumably via sydnone ring cleavage followed by acid-induced cyclization. Sonogashira coupling routes were used to add additional para-alkynylphenyl moieties to the above-mentioned ortho-alkynyl sydnones and generate oligomeric alkynyl sydnones. The aim of this endeavor was to fulfill an interest of the United States Air Force in these species as ligands for the preparation of platinum-centered NLO materials. 3-(2-Ethynylphenyl)sydnone was synthesized from 3-phenylsydnone in a three-step process with an overall yield of 27% to analytically pure material. Similarly, 3-(2-(4- ethynylphenyl-ethynyl)phenyl)sydnone, was synthesized in seven steps at an overall yield of 21%, and 3-(2-(4-(4-ethynyl)phenylethynyl)phenylethynyl)phenyl)sydnone was synthesized in ten steps at an overall 11% yield. A great aid to obtaining these relatively high overall yields was the ability to perform multiple steps of the syntheses in one pot (e.g. three reactions in one pot) at certain points en route. Finally, the above oligomeric alkynyl sydnones were converted into the corresponding 3,4-dicarbomethoxypyrazoles (potential NLO monomers) in moderate to good yield by 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition with dimethylacetylene dicarboxylate