The Future of the Internet III

Presents survey results on technology experts' predictions on the Internet's social, political, and economic impact as of 2020, including its effects on integrity and tolerance, intellectual property law, and the division between personal and work lives

Designing online social interaction for and with older people

This thesis describes my explorations and reflections regarding the design of online social interaction for and with older people. In 2008 when I started my doctoral investigation only a third of people over 65 years in the UK were using the Internet. This number has now increased to half of the population of 65-75 year-olds being connected to the Internet. From 2000 onwards EU wide directives increasingly encouraged research in the development of online technologies to manage the needs of an ageing population in the EU. Alongside health-related risks, the issue of social isolation is of particular interest to be tackled, considering there is a rapid development of new forms of communication and interaction media based on online technologies that could help in maintaining contact between people. A beneficial design strategy is to involve older people in the design process to ensure that technological developments are welcomed and actually used. However, engaging older people, who are not necessarily familiar with digital technologies, is not without challenges for the design researcher. My research focuses both on design practice (the development of artefacts) and the design process for online social interaction involving older people. The thesis describes practice-led research, for which I built the Teletalker (TT) and Telewalker (TW) systems as prototypes for experimentation and design research interventions. The TT can be described as a simple TV like online audio-video presence system connecting two locations. The TW is based on the same concept has been built specifically for vulnerable older people living in a care home. The work described involves embodied real-world interventions with contemporary approaches to designing with people. In particular I explore the delicate nature of the researcher/participant relationship. The research is reported as four sequential journeys. The first design journey started from a user-centred iterative design perspective and resulted in the construction of a wireframe for a website for older users. The second journey focused on building the TT and investigated its use in the real world by people with varied computer experience. The third journey involved designing the TW system specifically for elderly people in a care home. The fourth journey employed a co-design approach, with invited stakeholders, to reflect on the physical artefacts, discuss narratives of the previous design journeys and to co-create new online social technologies for the future. In summary, my PhD thesis contributes to design theory by providing: a reflected rationale for the choices of design approaches, documented examples of design research for social interaction and a novel approach to research with older people (the extended showroom). It further offers insights into people's online social interaction and proposes guidelines for conducting empirical research with older and vulnerable older people

Going Beyond the T in CTC : Social Practices as Care in Community Technology Centers

Community technology center (CTC) is a term usually associated with facilities that provide free or affordable computer and internet access, and sometimes training, to people in underserved communities. Despite the large number of studies done on CTCs, the literature has focused primarily on the use of ICTs as the main, if not the only, activity in these centers. When it comes to addressing social concerns, the literature has often seen them as an outcome of ICT use. It does not highlight CTCs as an inherent and important social space that helps to tackle social issues. Thus, in this study, I present an ethnographic account of how residents of favelas (urban slums in Brazil)—who are from understudied and marginalized areas—used these centers beyond the “T” (technology) in order to fulfill some of their social needs. I highlight the social practices afforded by the CTCs that were beneficial to the underserved communities. By social practices, I focus exclusively on the acts of care performed by individuals in order to address self and community needs. I argue that CTCs go beyond the use of technology and provide marginalized people with a key social space, where they alleviate some of their social concerns, such as lack of proper education, violence, drug cartel activities, and other implications of being poor

ACUTA Journal of Telecommunications in Higher Education

In This Issue Strategic Planning in the College and University Ecosystem Outlook 2012: Chickens or Eggs? lT Trends on Campus: 2012 Best Practices in Deploying a Successful University SAN Beyond Convergence: How Advanced Networking Will Erase Campus Boundaries Distributed Computing: The Path to the Power? Cell Phones on the University Campus: Adversary or Ally? lnstitutional Excellence Award Honorable Mention: Wake Forest University Interview President\u27s Message From the Executive Director Here\u27s My Advic

NAVIGATING MOBILE LEARNING: ENGLISH LEARNERS’ LANGUAGE LEARNING AND LITERACY PRACTICES

Despite the fact that the majority of teenagers and young adults use smartphones, little research has studied English Learners’ (ELs’) actual mobile phone language practices, specifically, how and why ELs use their smartphones as language learning assistant devices (Godwin-Jones, 2008). The primary purpose of this qualitative study was to explore ELs’ perceptions of mobile-assisted language and literacy practices, and to document ELs’ literacy practices through their mobile devices. Drawing from New Literacies Studies (Gee, 2004, 2010; Kress, 2003), research questions that guided this study were as follows: 1) How do participants use mobile devices in their classes, and what features of mobile devices do they find useful (e.g., recordings, video, still photo, etc.)? 2) What mobile device applications do participants find important in school and/or in their everyday lives? 3) Is there a relationship between participants’ use of mobile devices and their identity in and out of school? Participants were four ELs aged from 15 to 21: Three high school students and one university student. Primary data for this study were semi-structured interviews collected over a three-month period. Data were analyzed using constant comparison, looking across participant interviews to generate themes. Several important findings emerged. First, participants utilized various applications/features for language learning, and their mobile device practices were inextricably linked to their social practices through their use of mobile phones. Second, participants intentionally used mobile devices as tools to translate, capture class notes, and seek out auxiliary materials to support their learning in school. Third, ELs’ reported that their transition from their home country to the US, resulted in a shift in their personality and identity and their mobile devices provided an emotional support. This study extends current literature and explains how mobile devices play an essential role in ELs’ lives in and out of school. With increasing EL populations in US schools, this study articulates ELs’ actual use of mobile devices, and how mobile devices are important to ELs’ success in the classroom

Selling The American People: Data, Technology, And The Calculated Transformation Of Advertising

This dissertation tells the history of a future imagined by advertisers as they interpreted and constructed the affordances of digital information technologies. It looks at how related efforts to predict and influence consumer habits and to package and sell audience attention helped orchestrate the marriage of behavioral science and big-data analytics that defines digital marketing today. My research shows how advertising and commercial media industries rebuilt their information infrastructures around electronic data processing, networked computing, and elaborate forms of quantitative analysis, beginning in the 1950s. Advertisers, agencies, and media companies accommodated their activities to increasingly calculated ways of thinking about consumers and audiences, and to more statistical and computational forms of judgement. Responding to existing priorities and challenges, and to perceived opportunities to move closer to underlying ambitions, a variety of actors envisioned the future of marketing and media through a set of possibilities that became central to the commercialization of digital communications. People involved in the television business today use the term “advanced advertising” to describe a set of abilities at the heart of internet and mobile marketing: programmability (automation), addressability (personalization), shoppability (interactive commerce), and accountability (measurement and analytics). In contrast to the perception that these are unique elements of a “new” digital media environment that emerged in the mid-1990s, I find that these themes appear conspicuously in designs for using and shaping information technologies over the course of the past six decades. I use these potential abilities as entry points for analyzing a broader shift in advertising and commercial media that began well before the popular arrival of the internet. Across the second half of the twentieth century, the advertising industry, a major cultural and economic institution, was reconstructed around the goal of expanding its abilities to account for and calculate more of social and personal life. This transformation sits at an intersection where the processing of data, the processing of commerce, and the processing of culture collide

디지털 도시 인프라와 모바일 신체: 코로나19 유행병 시기 QR코드 생산 활동과 공간 구성에 대한 연구

학위논문(박사) -- 서울대학교대학원 : 환경대학원 환경계획학과, 2022.2. 전상인.This thesis studies the assemblage of Electronic Entry Register (EER) as digital infrastructure during covid-19 pandemic in the city of Seoul. Electronic Entry Register is a spatial planning and strategy that the South Korean government developed to control the circulation of mobile bodies as a response to the pandemic. This case study adopts an assemblage thinking to reveal how the EER came into being. It particularly highlights the data-producing human actors by adopting a posthumanist approach, to bring them forward as one of the main actors in materialising this assemblage. Examining the development processes of the EER revealed that assembling the ‘circulatory conduit’ (Deleuze & Guattari, 1997) depended largely on creating a population of docile bodies (Foucault, 2020) who were willing to, and capable of producing the right kinds of data. For this end, the South Korean government chose to simulate the national population on commercial mobile apps; which leaves the question that perhaps the task of creating a networked population is too often taken-for-granted in the discourse of smart city. Three critical dimensions in the production of digital infrastructure are proposed: the urban screens, the posthuman performances, and the leveraging effects of digital technology. The data-producing mobile bodies became the most critical actor in assembling the EER. Field research conducted at the sites of the EER across the city of Seoul, revealed that the mobile phone numbers intimately entangled to the mobile bodies (Barns, 2020) became the most critical ‘dividual’ (Deleuze, 1992) that indicated the mobile bodies. The illegibility of the QR codes and the invisibility embedded in the processing of digital data alienated the very producers; raising a sense of alienation which accompanied feelings of anxieties, doubts and powerlessness. Findings on their differentiated posthuman bodies and their sense of alienation indicated that they were anything but the homogenous ‘smart citizens’ as often imagined in the smart city discourse. Lastly, the thesis discusses the spatialities entailed in the QR codified urban space in two dimensions: spatial order embedded in the EER and spatial shifts experienced by the citizens. Spatial order embedded in the EER are discussed as ‘fragmented circulation’, ‘data-based public space’, and ‘invisible enclosure’. Spatial shifts encountered by the citizens are discussed as ‘collapsed linearity’, ‘liquid boundaries’, and ‘reproduction of digital speed’. The core element in mobilising this urban assemblage was the data-producing docile bodies moving across the urban space with the smartphones as their prostheses. As Lefebvre (2013) asserts that time-space is produced through practice, these bodies reproduced the digital speed onto the urban landscape. This case study highlights digital mediation in urban space where it emerges through the body-smartphone. It proposes that the study of digitally mediated cities, including smart city discourse, could more productively take the posthuman body a valid unit of analysis.본 연구는 코로나19 유행병에 대한 대응 차원에서 인구의 흐름을 통제하기 위해 한국 정부가 구축한 ‘전자출입명부’의 형성 과정을 도시 아상블라주 (urban assemblage)로서 연구하였다. 특히 포스트휴머니즘 관점을 도입하여 스마트폰을 보철(prosthesis)로서 체화하고 디지털 데이터를 생산하는 행위자에 주목하였다. 정부가 요구하는 데이터를 적시에 생산하는 인구를 창출하는 것이 전자출입명부 개발과정의 핵심임을 밝혔다. 이는 다양한 방식의 대국민 커뮤니케이션을 통해 이루어졌다. 또한 정부는 기업의 모바일 플랫폼에 QR코드 기능을 탑재하여 기업의 ‘온라인 고객’을 국가의 ‘온라인 인구’로 대체하였다. 이 과정은 전 인구가 연결된 네트워크 장(場)을 형성하고, 일상적으로 데이터를 생산하게 하는 것이 얼마나 어려울 수 있는지를 반증하며, 스마트시티 담론에서 온라인 인구 구축에 대한 명확한 전제가 미비함을 지적하게 한다. 또한 디지털 기반시설의 주요 구성 요소로서 도시 스크린 (urban screen), 데이터 생산자, 레버리지 효과를 제시하였다. 이동 중 스마트폰을 작동하여 지식을 생산하는 유순한 신체 (Foucault, 2020)는 전자출입명부를 도시 아상블라주로서 구축하는 핵심 동력이 되었다. 서울 시민을 대상으로 한 전자출입명부 현장연구는 QR코드가 이동하는 몸을 가리키는 가장 중요한 ‘분체(dividual)’ (Deleuze, 1992)로서 작동함을 확인하였다. 인간의 눈으로 판독 불가한 QR코드 패턴이 상징하듯, 디지털 데이터의 비시인성은 생산, 수집, 산출, 활용의 전 과정에서 데이터 생산자들을 소외시켰는데, 이는 불안감과 무력감으로도 표출되었다. 본 연구에서 관찰한 데이터생산자들은 스마트시티 담론에서 ‘스마트 시민(smart citizen)’으로 표상되는 정치적 주체들과는 거리가 있었다. 마지막으로, 논문은 QR코드화된 도시공간의 공간성을 두 가지 측면에서 논의하였다. 전자출입명부에 내재된 공간적 질서에 대한 측면과, 변화된 도시공간 구조변화의 측면이다. 전자출입명부에 내재된 공간적 질서는 ‘파편화된 순환 (fragmented circulation)’, ‘데이터기반 공공 공간(data-based public space)’, ‘비가시적 봉인성 (invisible enclosure)’으로 논의하였다. 변화된 도시 공간성에 대한 경험은 ‘선형성의 붕괴 (collapsed linearity)’, ‘액체적 경계 (liquid boundaries)’, ‘디지털 속도의 재생산 (reproduction of digital speed)’으로 제시하였다. 본 연구는 코로나19 유행병의 방역을 위해 한국 정부가 구축한 전자출입명부를 디지털 기반시설 조성의 사례로 연구하며, 그 개발과정에 있어 디지털 데이터를 생산하는 시민을 창조하는 것이 핵심이었음을 밝혔다. 르페브르(2013)가 실천을 통해 시공간이 생성된다고 하였듯 디지털을 체화한 신체는 디지털 속도를 도시공간에 재현하였는데, 본 사례연구는 이러한 도시공간의 재조직이 신체-스마트폰을 통해 이루어지는 현상을 포착할 수 있었다. 이에 따라 본 연구는 디지털 기기를 보철로서 체화한 포스트휴먼을 도시공간 연구에 있어 유효한 연구 단위로서 제안하며, 디지털 도시를 연구함에 있어 도시계획학적 함의가 적지 않음을 제시한다.Acknowledgements i Abstract ii Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1. QR Codifying Practice during Covid-19 Pandemic in Seoul 3 1.2. Research Objective and Questions 10 Chapter 2. Theoretical Background 11 2.1. Problematic: Spatial Imagination on Digital Cities 11 2.2. Theoretical Framework 12 2.2.1. Urban Assemblage 12 2.2.2. Digital Infrastructure 17 2.2.3. Mobile Dispositif 19 2.2.4. Assembling the Electronic Entry Register 24 Chapter 3. Methodology 32 3.1. Research Design 32 3.2. Assembling / Structuring / Entrapping 34 3.3. Assembled / Altering / Empowering 51 Chapter 4. Developing Digital Urban Infrastructure 67 4.1. Prototyping and Building Ecosystem 67 4.2. Creating Data-Producing Citizens 71 4.3. Networking Population on Commercial Platforms 77 4.4. Core Components of Digital Infrastructure 82 Chapter 5. Data-Producing Mobile Bodies 92 5.1. Mobile Phone Numbers as Identification of Mobile Bodies 92 5.2. Relationship with Digital Data 96 5.3. Differentiated Posthuman Bodies 106 Chapter 6. Digitally Mediated Urban Space 115 6.1. Spatial Order Intrinsic in the EER 116 6.1.1. Fragmented Circulation 116 6.1.2. Data-based Public Space 118 6.1.3. Invisible Enclosure 120 6.2. Spatialities Experienced by Citizens 127 6.2.1. Collapsed Linearity 127 6.2.2. Liquid Boundaries 130 6.2.3. Reproduction of Digital Speed 134 Chapter 7. Conclusion 143 Reference 150 Appendix iv Abstract in Korean xviii박

Reputational Privacy and the Internet: A Matter for Law?

Reputation - we all have one. We do not completely comprehend its workings and are mostly unaware of its import until it is gone. When we lose it, our traditional laws of defamation, privacy, and breach of confidence rarely deliver the vindication and respite we seek due, primarily, to legal systems that cobble new media methods of personal injury onto pre-Internet laws. This dissertation conducts an exploratory study of the relevance of law to loss of individual reputation perpetuated on the Internet. It deals with three interrelated concepts: reputation, privacy, and memory. They are related in that the increasing lack of privacy involved in our online activities has had particularly powerful reputational effects, heightened by the Internet’s duplicative memory. The study is framed within three research questions: 1) how well do existing legal mechanisms address loss of reputation and informational privacy in the new media environment; 2) can new legal or extra-legal solutions fill any gaps; and 3) how is the role of law pertaining to reputation affected by the human-computer interoperability emerging as the Internet of Things? Through a review of international and domestic legislation, case law, and policy initiatives, this dissertation explores the extent of control held by the individual over her reputational privacy. Two emerging regulatory models are studied for improvements they offer over current legal responses: the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation, and American Do Not Track policies. Underscoring this inquiry are the challenges posed by the Internet’s unique architecture and the fact that the trove of references to reputation in international treaties is not making its way into domestic jurisprudence or daily life. This dissertation examines whether online communications might be developing a new form of digital speech requiring new legal responses and new gradients of personal harm; it also proposes extra-legal solutions to the paradox that our reputational needs demand an overt sociality while our desire for privacy has us shunning the limelight. As we embark on the Web 3.0 era of human-machine interoperability and the Internet of Things, our expectations of the role of law become increasingly important