2 research outputs found
MediaEval 2016: Multimedia Benchmark Workshop, Working Notes Proceedings of the MediaEval 2016 Workshop Hilversum, The Netherlands, October 20-21, 2016
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Emocionalni procesi kao osnova razlikovanja psihopatije i sadizma
Introduction. Psychopathy and sadism represent overlapping, albeit distinct dark
traits. They generally affect interpersonal interactions negatively, and bring damage to
other individuals. They are both associated with aggressive and antisocial behavior, and
deficient emotional processes. Psychopathy is usually characterized by deficits in
experiencing negative emotions and difficulty to recognize them. This leads to a difficulty in
inhibiting socially unacceptable behaviors. Unlike psychopathy, sadism is still less
investigated. This trait holds enjoyment in other’s suffering at its core, which is tightly
related to achieving pleasure. Sadistic individuals have intensified positive response to
violence, and it is believed this is source of their motivation to torture others. For this
reason, it is suggested they probably have normal or better ability to recognize emotional
expressions, along with getting positive reaction to distress of others.
Study objective. The main objective of the first study was to explore psychopathy and
sadism in relation to emotional experience and aspects of social cognition, such as emotion
perception and implicit emotional associations with violence. The main goal of our second
study was to explore these traits in context of everyday emotional experience and
situational characteristics.
Method. Data for our first study were collected on a sample of 235 university
students using self-report measures of psychopathy and sadism (and Brutality as
additional trait), and tasks covering different aspects of emotion-related processes –
emotion perception, explicit emotional responses to violent and peaceful stimuli, and
implicit emotional associations to violent and peaceful stimuli.
Our second study relied on Day Reconstruction Method administered to a
subsample of 67 undergraduate students. In two days, we collected 1340 episodes
comprising emotional experience in everyday context, situational ratings, and measures
capturing subjective effects of interpersonal interactions. These were studied in relation
with psychopathy, sadism, and additional dark traits (narcissism, Machiavellianism,
Brutality).
Results. Results of our first study indicate differential relations of psychopathy and
sadism with emotion perception ability. We confirmed broader deficit in psychopathy, with
Cognitive responsiveness and Affective responsiveness as traits most robustly showing
negative relations with this ability. On the other hand, sadism showed a positive
contribution to identification of emotional expressions. In terms of emotional response to
violence, we established different emotional profiles of psychopathic and sadistic
individuals – while psychopaths have issues with appropriately generating negative
emotions, sadistic individuals are characterized by positive reactivity to violence. Finally,
using the implicit paradigm, we primarily showed relations with psychopathy, suggesting
easier associating of pleasant emotions with violence.
Our second study used multilevel modeling to determine intra and inter-individual
variance of dark traits and their cross-situational relations with emotional experience.
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Even though we did not confirm several of our assumptions, especially regarding
psychopathy, we showed sadism has links with general negative affectivity, perceived
negativity, and adversity of experienced situations with perceived emotional distress.
Conclusion. Our results are mostly reflecting the existing literature on psychopathic
traits, and add novel information to growing literature on sadistic traits. Especially relevant
are the established differences in emotional processes between these traits. Furthermore,
our diary study represents the first one to apply this method in research of sadismRezime
Uvod. Psihopatija i sadizam su crte ličnosti sa izvesnim stepenom preklapanja, ali ujedno i
distinktnim karakteristikama. Negativno utiču na međuljudske odnose i nanose štetu
drugim pojedincima. Takođe, povezane su sa agresivnim i antisocijalnim ponašanjem, kao i
sa deficitarnim emotivnim procesima. Psihopatiju obic no karakteris u deficiti u
doz ivljavanju negativnih emocija i tes koc e u njihovom prepoznavanju. Takav emotivni
obrazac dovodi do potes koc a u inhibiciji socijalno neprihvatljivog ponas anja. a razliku od
psihopatije, sadizam je manje istražen. Ova crta u svojoj suštini svodi se na uživanje u tuđoj
patnji, što je usko povezano sa postizanjem zadovoljstva. Sadistički pojedinci imaju
intenziviran pozitivan odgovor na nasilje i pretpostavlja se da je to izvor njihove motivacije
da muče druge. To je razlog zbog kojeg se sugeriše da verovatno imaju normalnu ili bolju
sposobnost prepoznavanja emocionalnih izraza, uz istovremenu pozitivnu reakciju na
patnju drugih.
Cilj. Osnovni cilj prve studije bio je istraživanje psihopatije i sadizma u vezi sa
emocionalnim iskustvom i aspektima socijalne kognicije, kao što su percepcija emocija i
implicitne emocionalne asocijacije sa nasiljem. Naše drugo istraživanje bilo je pak
usmereno na ispitivanje tih osobina u kontekstu svakodnevnog emocionalnog iskustva i
situacionih karakteristika.
Metod. Podaci za našu prvu studiju prikupljeni su na uzorku od 235 univerzitetskih
studenata pomoću self-report mera psihopatije i sadizma, i brutalnosti (kao dodatne crte), i
zadataka koji pokrivaju različite aspekte emocionalnih procesa - percepciju emocija,
eksplicitne emocionalne reakcije na nasilne i miroljubive stimuluse, kao i implicitne
emocionalne asocijacije na nasilne i miroljubive stimuluse.
Naša druga studija oslanja se se na metodu rekonstrukcije dana koja je primenjena
na poduzorku od 67 dodiplomskih studenata. U dva dana prikupili smo 1.340 epizoda koje
uključuju emocionalno iskustvo u svakodnevnom kontekstu, procene situacija i mere
subjektivnih efekata međuljudskih interakcija. Te mere su proučavane su u vezi sa
psihopatijom, sadizmom i ostalim mračnim crtama (narcizam, makijavelijanizam,
brutalnost).
Rezultati. Rezultati prvog istraživanja ukazuju na različite odnose psihopatije i
sadizma sa sposobnostima percepcije emocija. Kod psihopatije, potvrdili smo s iri deficit, sa
kognitivnom i afektivnom responzivnos c u kao crtama koje pokazuju najkonzistentnije
negativne odnose sa tom sposobnos c u. S druge strane, sadizam je pokazao pozitivan
doprinos u identifikaciji emocionalnih izraza. U pogledu emocionalnog odgovora na nasilje,
uspostavili smo razlic ite emocionalne profile psihopatskih i sadistic kih pojedinaca - dok
psihopate imaju problema sa odgovarajuc im generisanjem negativnih emocija, sadistic ke
osobe karakteris e pozitivna reaktivnost na nasilje. Najzad, koristec i implicitnu paradigmu,
prvenstveno smo pokazali odnose sa psihopatijom, sugerišući lakše povezivanje prijatnih
emocija sa nasiljem.
Zaključak. Naši rezultati u celini odslikavaju postojec u literaturu o psihopatskim crtama i
rastućim istraživanjima na temu sadističkih crta. Posebno su relevantne utvrđene razlike u
emocionalnim procesima između te dve crte ličnosti. Konačno, naša naša dnevnička studija
predstavlja je prva koja je primenila ovu metodu u istraživanju sadizm