Phenotypic variation in Calandrinia galapagosa (Portulacaceae)

Calandrinia galapagosa St. John is found only on San Cristóbal Island in the Galápagos archipelago, where it is severely threatened by feral goats. A population at Cerro Colorado is protected by an exclosure constructed for this purpose in 1993. Individuals of this population have white or pinkish white flowers with a green stem, whereas the population at La Galapaguera, has pinkish white flowers with a purple stem

RGB generation by four-wave mixing in small-core holey fibers

We report the generation of white light comprising red, green, and blue spectral bands from a frequency-doubled fiber laser by an efficient four-wave mixing process in submicron-sized cores of microstructured holey fibers. A master-oscillator power amplifier (MOPA) source based on Yb-doped fiber is employed to generate 80 ps pulses at 1060 nm wavelength with 32 MHz repetition rate, which are then frequency-doubled in an LBO crystal to generate up to 2 W average power of green light. The green pump is then carefully launched into secondary cores of the cladding of photonic bandgap fibers. These secondary cores with diameters of about 400 to 800 nm act as highly nonlinear waveguides. At the output, we observe strong red and blue sidebands which, together with the remaining green pump light, form a visible white light source of about 360 mW. The generating process is identified as four-wave mixing where phase matching is achieved by birefringence in the secondary cores which arises from non-symmetric deformation during the fiber fabrication. Numerical models of the fiber structure and of the nonlinear processes confirm our interpretation. Finally, we discuss power scaling and limitations of the white light source due to the damage threshold of silica fibers

Clover seed production - in organic and conventional cropping systems

White clover (Trifolium repens L.) is an important component in grassland mixtures and as a green manure crop. Since Denmark has excellent conditions for white clover seed production and holds the position of the largest producer within the EU emphasis has been placed on developing an organic production of white clover seeds

PENGARUH KOMBINASI MADU DAN TEH HIJAU TERHADAP (Camellia sinensis) PENYEMBUHAN LUKA BAKAR DERAJAT 2 PADA TIKUS PUTIH (Rattus norvegicus)

Background: Burns are injuries due to heat from fire or other hot objects that cause damage to the skin, the level of tissue damage depends on the type and length of exposure to heat sources. Increased ROS occurs after burns injury begins and can interfere with wound healing if it is too high in number. Definitive management is needed to accelerate the healing of burns. Honey and green tea (Camellia sinensis) are natural ingredients that contain anti -inflammatory and antioxidants that can reduce levels of ROS so that healing can be faster. Purposes: This research was conducted to see the effect of the combination of honey and green tea on healing the second degree of burns in white rats. Method: This type of research is experimental with the Post-test Only Control Design with the calculation of the area of the second degree burns on the 14th day after being given topical therapy combination of honey and green tea extract with a mixture composition (1 ml of honey: 1 ml of green tea extract: 1 ml of honey: 0.5 ml of green tea extract: and 0.5 ml of honey: 1 ml of green tea extract). Results: One way Anova statistical test analysis shows the value of P = 0.593 and Linear Regression analysis revealed a 7.9% effect of the combination of honey and green tea on the healing of second degree burns. Conclusion: The combination of honey and green tea has no significant effect on healing the second degree of burns in white rats

Nomenclatural notes on Pseudocyphellaria V : some Brazilian taxa

A new, phyllidiate, white-medulla species with yellow pseudocyphellae and a green photobiont, Pseudocyphellaria kalbii D.J.Galloway, is described from Brazilian collections, and typification and notes on P. aurora (De Not.) Vainio are presented

The True Incidence of Magnetism among Field White Dwarfs

We study the incidence of magnetism in white dwarfs from three large and well-observed samples of hot, cool, and nearby white dwarfs in order to test whether the fraction of magnetic degenerates is biased, and whether it varies with effective temperature, cooling age, or distance. The magnetic fraction is considerably higher for the cool sample of Bergeron, Ruiz, and Leggett, and the Holberg, Oswalt, and Sion sample of local white dwarfs that it is for the generally-hotter white dwarfs of the Palomar Green Survey. We show that the mean mass of magnetic white dwarfs in this survey is 0.93 solar masses or more, so there may be a strong bias against their selection in the magnitude-limited Palomar Green Survey. We argue that this bias is not as important in the samples of cool and nearby white dwarfs. However, this bias may not account for all of the difference in the magnetic fractions of these samples. It is not clear that the magnetic white dwarfs in the cool and local samples are drawn from the same population as the hotter PG stars. In particular, two or threee of the cool sample are low-mass white dwarfs in unresolved binary systems. Moreover, there is a suggestion from the local sample that the fractional incidence may increase with decreasing temperature, luminosity, and/or cooling age. Overall, the true incidence of magnetism at the level of 2 megagauss or greater is at least 10%, and could be higher. Limited studies capable of detecting lower field strengths down to 10 kilogauss suggest by implication that the total fraction may be substantially higher than 10%.Comment: 16 pages, 2 figures, Astronomical Journal in press -- Jan 2003 issu

Nutritional and Defensive Chemistry of Three North American Ash Species: Possible Roles in Host Performance and Preference by Emerald Ash Borer Adults

Black ash (Fraxinus nigra), green ash (F. pennsylvanica), and white ash (F. americana) are the three most abundant ash species in the northeastern USA. We compared emerald ash borer (EAB), Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), adult performance and preference among seedlings of the three ash species, and then related performance and preference to foli- age nutritional quality and defensive compounds. Longevity of EAB adults reared on green and white ash was found to be greater than on black ash. EAB adult females also seemed to show feeding preference among the three species of ash trees because the total foliage area consumption was greater on green ash and white ash compared to black ash in dual-choice tests; however, the total mass of foliage consumed did not differ. The foliage of all ash species was high in nitrogen and in most macro- and micro-nutrients studied. The patterns of EAB performance and preference did not correspond to any of the individual chemical compounds tested (nitrogen, proteins, most macro- and micro-nutrients, or putative defensive compounds of ash seedlings). Never- theless, greater longevity of EAB adults on green and white ash compared to black ash was probably related to unbalanced nutrients (total nitrogen/total non-structural carbohydrate ratio) of black ash. Putative defensive compounds (i.e., phenolics and protease inhibitors) did not contribute to EAB longevity in this study, probably because (1) EAB adults were able to excrete most of these compounds and (2) their effects were alleviated by high nitrogen levels. More research is needed to elucidate the interactions of nitrogen and carbohydrate levels, and the interactions of nutrient balance and defensive plant allelochemicals on EAB performance and preference

Evolution of Crop-dairy Production Systems in South India from 1971 to 2002

It is widely believed that not only a Green Revolution in a crop sector but also a White Revolution in a dairy sector has generated the great momentum of agricultural development in India since the late 1960s. However, due to the dominance of sector-specific analyses, the importance of the interaction between these two sectors has been neglected in the existing literature. The interaction is important in that the dairy sector provides manure to crop production while the crop sector supplies fodder to the dairy. Using household data collected in Tamil Nadu, India for three decades from 1971, we show the increase of fodder production as a byproduct of Green Revolution in 1970s enabled subsequent White Revolution in 1980s and the byproduct of the White Revolution, i.e. increased manure availability, is enhancing the recent revival of organic farming system for sustainable agricultural development.Green revolution, White revolution, agricultural system, India, Production Economics, M3, O13, Q12, Q13, Q56,

Oviposition and Development of Emerald Ash Borer \u3ci\u3e(Agrilus Planipennis)\u3c/i\u3e (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) on Hosts and Potential Hosts in No-Choice Bioassays

Emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire) (Coleoptera: Bupres- tidae) is an invasive phloem-feeding pest native to Asia. It was first identified in North America in 2002 and has killed millions of ash (Fraxinus spp.) trees in southeast Michigan and Essex County, Ontario. Since then, additional populations have been discovered across Michigan and in areas of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Maryland, Pennsylvania and West Virginia. In Asia, A. planipennis reportedly colonizes other genera, including species of Juglans, Pterocarya and Ulmus. In North America, attacks on non-ash species have not been observed but there is concern about host switching as ash mortality progresses. From 2003 to 2005, we evaluated A. planipennis oviposition and larval development on 4 North American ash species: green ash (F. pennsylvanica Marshall), white ash (F. americana L.), black ash (F. nigra Marshall), blue ash (F. quadrangulata Michaux), and 6 potential alternate hosts including privet (Ligustrum and Forestiera spp.), Japanese tree lilac (Syringa reticulate (Blumb) Hara), American elm (Ulmus americana L.), black walnut (Juglans nigra L.), hickory (Carya ovata (Miller) K. Koch) and hackberry (Celtis occidentalis L.). In no- choice tests using cut branches in cages, female A. planipennis oviposited on all species tested. Larvae on green ash, white ash, black ash, blue ash and privet developed to the second instar before branches desiccated. Larvae attempted to feed on some black walnut, Japanese tree lilac, American elm and hackberry branches but died as first instars. There were no feeding attempts on hickory branches. We also conducted no-choice tests by placing adult A. planipennis in cages that encircled the lower 1 m of the trunk of live green ash, white ash, black walnut and Japanese tree lilac nursery trees. High densities of larvae developed on green ash and white ash nursery trees but there was no evidence of any larval survival, feeding, or development on the Japanese tree lilac or black walnut nursery trees