Samoregulacijska uspješnost i emocije srednjoškolaca i studenata

In this study, the authors explore the effect of pupils and students\u27 self-regulated efficiency component on their positive and negative emotions regarding school and school learning. The findings show that challenge and productive learning predetermine 44% of the variance in positive feelings, while autonomy, interactive or cooperative learning as well as independent decision making are variables that are rejected in multiple regression as predictors of positive emotions. When negative emotions are introduced as mediators via a hierarchy regression model, it would appear that their reduction effect on the predictors of positive emotions is trifle, as they do not change the established relations significantly. Likewise, a model in which multiple regressions were used to test the negative components of self-regulation efficiency on negative emotions displayed similar results. Aversion, reproductive learning and execution of teachers\u27 decisions predetermine negative emotions, but they explain only 10% of the variance, whereby positive emotions, as a mediation variable, do not change the model.U ovoj studiji autori istražuju utjecaj komponenata samoregulacijske uspješnosti učenika i studenata na njihove pozitivne i negativne emocije o školi i škol¬skom učenju. Uzorkom je obuhvaćeno 366 srednjoškolaca i 535 studenata. Rezultati pokazuju da izazov i pro¬dukcijsko učenje predodređuju 44% varijance u pozitivnim osjećanjima, a da su autonomija, interaktivno ili kooperativno učenje te samostalno donošenje odluka multiplom regresijom odbačene varijable kao predik¬tori pozitivnih emocija. Kada su u hijerarhijskom regresijskom modelu kao medijator uvedene negativne emocije, pokazalo se da one neznatno smanjuju prediktore pozitivnih emocija, ali da bitno ne mijenjaju uspostavljeni odnos. Na isti način ponaša se model u kojem je multiplom regresijom testiran utjecaj negativnih kompone¬nti samoregulacijske uspješnosti na negativne emocije. Averzija, reprodukcijsko učenje i izvršava¬nje odluka nastavnika predodređuju negativne emocije, ali objašnjavaju samo 10% vari¬jance, pri čemu pozitivne emocije kao medijacijska varijabla ne mijenjaju model

Deciding Emotions - The Role of Immediate and Anticipated Emotions in Risky Decisions

The work draws attention to emotions and what role they play when deciding to take a risk or not. Therefore it is questioned how emotions attached to the possible consequences of a decision affect behavior. With respect to this question additionally it is verified if such anticipations of emotions are exact or turn out as positive or negative dyed illusions. Leaving behind a consequentialistic tradition of decison-making research the focus then is drawn on how immediate emotions connected to the decision problem itself influence which alternative is chosen � the risky or the save option. The interrelation of both types of emotions is explored to find out if immediate emotions just can be seen as reflections of those anticipated. The interrelation of the immediate emotions connected to the option to take a risk and the option not to take it is examined to find out if the one can be said to be the negative mirror image of the other. To find out how the content of anticipated and immediate emotions change when the decision problem is changed, the situation of deciding is manipulated: Either in changing the chances of winning or changing social dependencies connected to the decision. It then is investigated to what extend the effect of the manipulation of the decision situation on behavior is transported by changes of the emotional content � either via immediate or anticipated emotions. Especially it is focused on how emotions affect the decision additionally and independent of subjective probability, changes of objective chances, the grade of ambiguity or the grade of social dependencies of the decision

The effect of foreground and background of soundscape sequence on emotion in urban open spaces

This paper discusses the influence of the soundscape sequence of different urban open spaces on emotion. Thirty participants with normal hearing were selected to listen to forty-two different acoustic sequences and report their emotional changes during the process. The data were analysed in four stages, and the results are as follows: First, emotional response highly correlates with background type. Only when the foreground is negative does it relate to the foreground type. Second, the positive foreground in the early part of a sequence, or the neutral (or negative) foreground in the later part of a sequence, induces a better emotional experience. Third, in an acoustic sequence, emotion changes along with a change in the foreground. The appearance of the foreground triggers emotional fluctuations, and the end of the foreground is followed by emotional recovery. Finally, combining foregrounds can aid in regulating negative emotions. This effect is related to the position of the positive foreground and background type. We offer suggestions on the design of urban soundscape from the perspective of emotion based on the findings

Exploring the impact of outgroup membership discoveries on individual outcomes and intergroup relations

Group memberships represent important components of identity, with people holding membership in various groups and categories. The groups that one belongs to are known as ingroups, and the groups that one does not belong to are known as outgroups. Movement between groups can occur, such that an individual becomes a member of a former outgroup. In some cases, this movement between groups can represent a sudden discovery for the self and/or others, especially when one becomes a member of an ambiguous, concealable, or otherwise not readily visible group. The effects of this type of movement, however, are poorly documented. The purpose of this dissertation is to investigate these outgroup membership discoveries, examining the individual intrapsychic, interpersonal, and potential intergroup effects of both self- and other-outgroup membership discoveries. Specifically, discoveries of homosexuality were examined in three studies. In Study 1, hypothetical reactions to self- and other-homosexuality discovery were assessed; in Study 2, the effects of discovering self-homosexuality (vs. self-heterosexuality) were experimentally examined; and in Study 3, the effects of discovering another’s homosexuality earlier relative to later in a developing friendship were experimentally examined. Study 1 revealed that, upon a discovery of self-homosexuality, participants expected negative emotions and a more negative change in feelings toward the self. Upon a discovery of a friend’s homosexuality, participants expected a more negative change in feelings toward the friend, but more a positive change in feelings toward homosexuals. For both hypothetical self- and friend- homosexuality discoveries, more negative expected emotions predicted more negative expected change in feelings toward the target individual (the self or friend), which in turn predicted more negative expected change in feelings toward homosexuals as a group. Further, for self-homosexuality discovery, the association between negative expected emotions and negative expected change in feelings toward the self was stronger among those higher in authoritarianism. Study 2 revealed that, upon discovering one’s own homosexuality (vs. heterosexuality), heterosexual participants experienced more negative emotions, more fear of discrimination, and more negative self-evaluations. The effect of the homosexuality discovery manipulation on negative self-evaluations was mediated by fear of discrimination. Further, those higher in authoritarianism or pre-test prejudice toward homosexuals demonstrated more negative emotions following the manipulation. Study 3 revealed that upon discovering an interaction partner’s homosexuality earlier (vs. later) participants reported a more positive contact experience, a closer bond with the partner, and more positive attitudes toward the partner. Earlier (vs. later) discovery predicted more positive contact experience, which in turn predicted a closer bond with the partner. Closer bond with the partner subsequently predicted more positive evaluations of the partner. Interestingly, the association between bond with partner and more positive attitudes toward the partner was stronger among those higher in authoritarianism or pre-test prejudice toward homosexuals. Overall, results suggest that self-homosexuality discovery results in negative outcomes, whereas discovering another’s homosexuality can result in positive outcomes, especially when homosexuality is discovered earlier (vs. later). Implications of these findings for both actual outgroup membership discoveries and social psychological research are discussed

Emotion Effects on Timing: Attention versus Pacemaker Accounts

Emotions change our perception of time. In the past, this has been attributed primarily to emotions speeding up an “internal clock” thereby increasing subjective time estimates. Here we probed this account using an S1/S2 temporal discrimination paradigm. Participants were presented with a stimulus (S1) followed by a brief delay and then a second stimulus (S2) and indicated whether S2 was shorter or longer in duration than S1. We manipulated participants' emotions by presenting a task-irrelevant picture following S1 and preceding S2. Participants were more likely to judge S2 as shorter than S1 when the intervening picture was emotional as compared to neutral. This effect held independent of S1 and S2 modality (Visual: Exps. 1, 2, & 3; Auditory: Exp. 4) and intervening picture valence (Negative: Exps. 1, 2 & 4; Positive: Exp. 3). Moreover, it was replicated in a temporal reproduction paradigm (Exp. 5) where a timing stimulus was preceded by an emotional or neutral picture and participants were asked to reproduce the duration of the timing stimulus. Taken together, these findings indicate that emotional experiences may decrease temporal estimates and thus raise questions about the suitability of internal clock speed explanations of emotion effects on timing. Moreover, they highlight attentional mechanisms as a viable alternative

The Relationship Between Orientation to the U.S. Culture and Affect Among Chinese International Students

Emerging literature suggests that ideal/desired emotions vs. actual emotions represent an important aspect of subjective emotional experiences that may be particularly important for cross-cultural research, as culture may influence the subjective experience of how individuals value certain emotions and to what extent they actually experience them. The current research conducts two studies to examine cultural differences in ideal and actual affect, and to test its association with acculturation and depressed mood within a sample of Chinese international students. Specifically, Study 1 recruited 152 Chinese international college students and 108 U.S. college students to test differences in their ideal and actual affect, and how these differences are associated with depressed mood. Study 2 involves longitudinal data collected every six months over the course of one year to examine changes in Chinese participants\u27 affect patterns, changes in their acculturation level, and their influences on depressed mood. In addition, the study tests a moderation effect of orientation to the U.S. culture on the association between affect and depressed mood over time. Results in Study 1 showed cultural differences in ideal affect. It suggests that valuing high-arousal positive affect and wanting to feel more positive over negative effect are more functional to American culture, but higher actual low-arousal positive affect is associated with lower depressed mood for both Chinese and American cultures. Results in Study 2 showed that levels of average ideal and actual affect did not change in general across the course of a year. However, the association between affect and depressed mood become more similar to American culture when participants had stayed longer in the United States. Orientation to the U.S. culture did not moderate this association in general. Theoretical and practical implications of the results will be discussed

Attentional focus and anticipated emotions in the face of future environmental risks: Should I take the train or drive my car?

This study presents an experiment investigating the effects of attentional focus and valence of experience on anticipated emotions and on intentions to drive by car or to use public transportation. Car driving is associated with being detrimental for the environment, whereas using public transportation is assumed to be environmentally beneficial. We regard environmentally friendly behaviour as an instantiation of a problem-focused coping strategy that is triggered by anticipated threat from an environmental stressor and aims at reducing the environmental problem. A discrepancy, however, may exist between the immediate experience of driving a car or using public transport, and the long-term experience of the consequences, that is, a polluted versus a healthy environment. Employing multimedia scenarios, we manipulated participants’ attention to focus either on behaviour (car or public transport) or on the environmental consequences, and induced either a positively or a negatively valenced experience. We measured anticipated emotions and intentions to use the car or public transport, and repeated the measurements two weeks later. Most important, a focus on consequences turns out to have stronger effects on emotions than a focus on behaviour. Also, intentions to use a car or public transport change when focusing on the future consequences, but not when focusing on the positive or negative circumstances accompanying the behaviours. A mediation analysis shows that while focusing on the consequences influences both anticipated emotions and behavioural intentions, the effect of focus on behavioural intentions is not mediated by anticipated emotions. Results suggest that emphasizing the long-term consequences of one’s behaviour is a better means of fostering pro-environmental behaviour than emphasizing the experience of the behaviours per se.acceptedVersio

Change and status quo in decisions with defaults: The effect of incidental emotions depends on the type of default

Affective states can change how people react to measures aimed at influencing their decisions such as providing a default option. Previous research has shown that when defaults maintain the status quo positive mood increases reliance on the default and negative mood decreases it. Similarly, it has been demonstrated that positive mood enhances the preference for inaction. We extend this research by investigating how mood states influence reliance on the default if the default leads to a change, thus pitting preference for status quo against a preference for inaction. Specifically, we tested in an online study how happiness and sadness influenced reliance on two types of default (1) a default maintaining status quo and (2) a default inducing change. Our results suggest that the effect of emotions depends on the type of default: people in a happy mood were more likely than sad people to follow a default when it maintained status quo but less likely to follow a default when it introduced change. These results are in line with mood maintenance theory

Examining the formation of wellbeing during and its change after a tourist experience

This study lays out a solid foundation for research on wellbeing in the tourism context by answering two primary questions – how, and in what way, does tourism promote wellbeing? Second, to what extent does wellbeing change after a tourist experience? To answer the first question, this study draws on existential authenticity theory that suggests tourism enables people to live authentically, and thereby allows for optimal tourist experiences. This study also refers to eudaimonism theory that indicates wellbeing is attained through being authentic in oneself and that experiencing optimal functioning in specific activities further facilitates wellbeing. By integrating these two theories, this study argues that existential authenticity facilitates wellbeing through optimal tourist experiences. To examine this premise, this study examined the mediating effect of optimal tourist experiences in the relationship between existential authenticity and wellbeing. To answer the second question concerning the sustained effect of the tourist experience on wellbeing, three sub-questions are posed that existing longitudinal studies have failed to adequately address: (1) what’s the trajectory of wellbeing change after a tourist experience? (2) does the tourist experience predict the change of wellbeing after tourism? and (3) is there a difference in feelings of hedonic and eudaimonic wellbeing in the change after a tourist experience? This study set out to address these questions by adopting a longitudinal survey design involving three waves over several months during which participants completed self-administered questionnaires concerning their tourist experience and both hedonic and eudaimonic wellbeing. The three waves of data collection were administered from September 2018 to February 2019 in China, with 228 participants recruited for the first survey during their tourist experience. A total of 211 participants remained in the second survey conducted four weeks after their tourist experience, and 208 remained in the third survey conducted eight weeks after their tourist experience. Along with some demographics and trip characteristics, the initial survey measured existential authenticity based on the three core concepts of Authentic Living, Accepting External Influence, and Self-Alienation, and assessed the optimal tourist experiences based on Positive Emotions, Sense of Meaning in Life, Sense of Growth, Sense of Engagement, and Sense of Positive Relations. Hedonic wellbeing was measured based on participants’ Positive Emotions, Negative Emotions, and Life Satisfaction; and their eudaimonic wellbeing was measured based on the concept of Flourishing. Mediation analyses were conducted using SPSS to answer the first research question and Latent Growth Curve modeling in AMOS was used to assess change in wellbeing after a tourist experience to answer the second set of questions. The mediation analysis suggested that most optimal tourist experiences mediate the relationships of Authentic Living to Positive Emotions, Negative Emotions, Life Satisfaction, and Flourishing. The Accepting External Influence was not significantly related to either hedonic or eudaimonic wellbeing. Most optimal tourist experiences mediate the relationships of Self-Alienation to Positive Emotions, Negative Emotions, and Flourishing, but Self-Alienation was not related to the Life Satisfaction. The Latent Growth Curve modeling analysis suggested that the Positive Emotions declined dramatically in the first month following a tourist experience and then marginally again in the second month. The decline in Positive Emotions was slower for people who reported higher levels of optimal tourist experiences. Negative Emotions increased dramatically in the first month after a tourist experience and then marginally in the second month, and the change was very similar across all individuals. Life Satisfaction (hedonic wellbeing) neither declined nor increased significantly in the two months following a tourist experience, and its change was not significantly different across individuals. Flourishing (eudaimonic wellbeing) declined gradually and marginally over the same two-time intervals, and the decline was slower for people who reported higher levels of optimal tourist experiences. Drawing on existing evidence and the results of this study, the premise arising from linking existential authenticity theory and eudaimonism theory was supported; that is, tourism enables people to live more authentically during tourism, which promotes optimal tourist experiences and experiences of optimal functioning in tourism, and ultimately, these conditions lead to higher levels of wellbeing. Further, gains in hedonic wellbeing fade dramatically in the first month following a tourist experience, whereas eudaimonic wellbeing fades more gradually and marginally in the two months following a tourist experience. Thus, the effect of tourism on eudaimonic wellbeing is more stable over time than the effect on hedonic wellbeing. This study also concludes that when tourist experiences are more optimal, they can slow the decline in wellbeing over time. The theoretical, methodological, and practical implications of these findings are discussed, as well as study limitations and suggestions for future research

EMOSI MALU (SHAME) DAN RASA BERSALAH (GUILT) DALAM PEMBELAJARAN MORAL ANAK USIA DINI

Each human’s emotion develop in certain meaning. It means that loosing negative emotions in our understanding about child development  is same as loosing one of  basic colour in painter’s self; and not only the basic colour will loose but a million colours which are created from combination of colours and basic colour. Negative emotion such as shame and guil will be more useful than positive emotion when someone learn to change his behavior.Negative emotion will motivate children to learn and practice prosocial behavior. It will effect directly to children’s behavior and personality because extreme emotion gives deep effect to motivate them in doing kindness which is hoped others. Shame and guilt are not emotion which must be disappeared. Shame and guilt  will  teach moral values to children if we use correctly