A Need for Clarity: Toward a New Standard for Preliminary Injunctions

This Article examines the various standards for preliminary injunctions and demonstrates the ways in which the standards have become confused by irrelevant layers of meaning. Those layers of meaning are analyzed; nonfunctional accretions are discarded, and legitimate modem meanings are developed. The discussion is conducted against a background of assumptions about what makes a good standard, for example, accessibility and comprehensiveness. By modernizing the standard, the parties and the courts will frankly and openly discuss the underlying legal issues and values. This, in turn, should lead to more legitimate decisions. Under a modernized standard, a court should redress immediate pretrial harm and preserve the litigation in a way that renders subsequent decisions meaningful. Further, a court\u27s ability to act will not be limitless; instead, by clarifying the terms\u27 meanings, a court\u27s discretion will be bounded by the attributes of the standard itself as well as by preexisting external constraints. The analysis ends with a normative description of the relationship between the factors and concludes that a balancing test is the best form for such a relationship

Top IS research on quality of transaction standards: a structured literature review to identify a research gap

This paper contains the results of a systematic literature review executed to determine\ud the coverage of transaction standards in top information systems (IS) and management\ud journals. Specifically, it aims to identify a research gap with respect to this topic. The top\ud 25 journals are thoroughly searched and the selected publications are classified in order\ud to make grounded statements. A moderate amount of literature found specifically aims at\ud transaction standards. Hardly any research is found on quality aspects of transaction\ud standards, which therefore counts as the research ga

Collaborative Forum 2: Paving a Path to an EVA Suit Standard

This presentation supports a Collaborative Discussion regarding industry's utilization of other NASA or external design standards and feedback and recommendations to support the possibility of an EVA suit standard

A case study of four school library media specialists\u27 leadership in Louisiana.

The purpose of this study was to understand the daily activities of effective school library media specialists in an elementary school, middle school, and high school in a Louisiana parish, non-church, public school system through qualitative research using interviews, observation field notes, and written documentation from the three schools. The importance of the study was that there is little known about the leadership role of the school library media specialist and the role of the school library media specialist. Further, the literature concerning effective schools and effective school library media specialists is separate. The study had four conclusions. First, an effective school library media specialist can be the hub of the school. Second, the effective school library media specialist can lead from the middle through technology expertise, collaborative planning, promoting reading and positive public relations. Next, the effective school library media specialist is supported by the positive perceptions of the superintendent, school principal, library supervisor, and classroom teachers who all realize the importance of the school library media program to academic achievement. Even though the programs do not completely meet the standards, through the leadership that evolved from daily collaboration, the school library media specialists in this study managed to provide effective programs. Last, the school library media specialists are enabled by the positive perceptions of the superintendent, scheduling and financial support from the school principal, the advocacy of the library supervisor, and the use of the center by teachers. However, constraints such as a lack of time for collaborative planning, lack of paraprofessional staff, inadequate funding and no substitutes for the school library media specialists constrain them

Research in the Archival Multiverse

Over the past 15 years, the field of archival studies around the world has experienced unprecedented growth within the academy and within the profession, and archival studies graduate education programs today have among the highest enrolments in any information field. During the same period, there has also been unparalleled expansion and innovation in the diversity of methods and theories being applied in archival scholarship. Global in scope, Research in the Archival Multiverse compiles critical and reflective essays across a wide range of emerging research areas and interests in archival studies; it aims to provide current and future archival academics with a text addressing possible methods and theoretical frameworks that have been and might be used in archival scholarship and research

Research in the Archival Multiverse

Over the past 15 years, the field of archival studies around the world has experienced unprecedented growth within the academy and within the profession, and archival studies graduate education programs today have among the highest enrolments in any information field. During the same period, there has also been unparalleled expansion and innovation in the diversity of methods and theories being applied in archival scholarship. Global in scope, Research in the Archival Multiverse compiles critical and reflective essays across a wide range of emerging research areas and interests in archival studies; it aims to provide current and future archival academics with a text addressing possible methods and theoretical frameworks that have been and might be used in archival scholarship and research

A Comparison between the Israeli and Palestinian Twelfth Grade Textbooks in Reading Comprehension

This study aimed at evaluating the reading texts in student Book ,English for Palestine-Grade 12 and TOP MARKS " Israeli 12th Grade textbook in order to find out to what extent the reading texts in English for Palestine-Grade12 and TOP MARKS " Israeli 12th Grade match the suggested criteria. It also aimed at identifying the areas of similarities and differences in these reading texts. To fulfill the aims of the study, the researcher followed the descriptive analytical approach. He used a content analysis card to collect the needed data. Reliability was examined through the help of two colleague researchers who volunteered to analyze the reading texts. For the reading texts many tasks were designed to help students grasp the ideas and questions were graded and sequenced. English for Palestine and TOP MARKS aimed to make students learn intensively; however TOP MARKS paid more attention to extensive reading than did English for Palestine . Referring to culture both textbooks tackled issues related to culture. Higher order thinking skills were more clearly employed in TOP MARKS than English forPalestine. All texts in TOP MARKS were authentic. On the other hand, only one unit of English forPalestine was authentic. In English for Palestine Grade 12 there was no much employment of exercises that require students to infer the author's attitude, or activities that demand the students to distinguish between facts and opinions .similarly, there were no exercises that require students to find meanings of new vocabulary in contexts or relate the text to their personal experience and work out answers in pairs and groups, however in TOP MARKS these tasks and activities were much more employed. Concerning highlighted or coloured new vocabularies, they were apparently employed in the whole units of English for Palestine Grade 12; however, they were completely neglected in TOP MARKS Grade 12. Information gap activities were clearly introduced in the whole units of TOP MARKS Grade 12, but in English forPalestine few activities were used. Concerning presentation and layout, all items in the content of the two books were approximately similar. Both textbooks contained charts, graphics and maps. In TOP MARKS Grade 12, students were left for further information or titles to be searched .The objectives were found out to be more clearly presented in TOP MARKS. In English for Palestine the use of prerequisite was employed but in top marks it was totally neglected. The study recommends that interactive task and activities should be introduced for the reading in English for Palestine