Deep Learning: Our Miraculous Year 1990-1991

In 2020, we will celebrate that many of the basic ideas behind the deep learning revolution were published three decades ago within fewer than 12 months in our "Annus Mirabilis" or "Miraculous Year" 1990-1991 at TU Munich. Back then, few people were interested, but a quarter century later, neural networks based on these ideas were on over 3 billion devices such as smartphones, and used many billions of times per day, consuming a significant fraction of the world's compute.Comment: 37 pages, 188 references, based on work of 4 Oct 201

The Half-Fairness of Google\u27s Plan to Make the World\u27s Collection of Books Searchable

Google\u27s major new initiative is to undertake the task of digitizing the world\u27s collection of books so as to make them searchable. The very idea is audacious, but what is more so is that Google plans to copy without first seeking the permission of the owners of these works. Google Print would make available what is, by conventional measures at least, the highest grade of information--books produced by millions of the world\u27s leading scholars. This is in stark contrast to the inconsistent quality spectrum one encounters through other online sources such as peer-to-peer networks and blogs, where there currently exists little mechanism for peer review or other means of quality control. What Google proposes to do is either the largest example of copyright infringement in history or the largest example of fair use in history.[...] Two major lawsuits have been filed against Google. The American Association of University Presses, which represents 125 university presses, has sued Google, seeking a declaration that Google is committing copyright infringement by scanning books and an injunction against Google Print. A second lawsuit, a class action representing published authors and The Authors Guild, seeks declaratory and injunctive relief and money damages as well. The outcome of these lawsuits is far from clear and the stakes are huge.[...] Part I of this Article will set out the complex set of facts leading up to the filing of the Google Print lawsuit. Part II will examine the legal and doctrinal issues presented by these facts. I will argue that plaintiffs have a solid prima facie case for massive copyright infringement on a scale never before seen. Google, however, will be able to counter with a compelling and innovative use of the fair use defense. Part III will begin to develop an economic and policy framework for examining and debating the various policy issues raised by the Google Print project and by internet search engines more generally. This analysis will seek to answer important questions regarding the shape and structure that regulation of internet search engines should take. I will argue that courts seeking to maximize social welfare should adopt a bifurcated approach under which fair use rights are accorded to Google with respect to the copyright holders of orphan works, but not with respect to the holders of non-orphan works. This approach is necessary to deal with the legacy problem presented by orphan works created with non-digital technologies, and thus, associated with a more onerous set of transaction costs attached to their accessibility. On a going-forward basis, however, creators of works will be properly incentivized under the approach developed here to protect their works. Thus, over time, a non-bifurcated regime of regulation will emerge. This will perhaps delay, but not impede, the development of Google Print, or a functional equivalent, and will foster the development of a richer market in books and creative works more generally

The Half-Fairness of Google\u27s Plan to Make the World\u27s Collection of Books Searchable

Google\u27s major new initiative is to undertake the task of digitizing the world\u27s collection of books so as to make them searchable. The very idea is audacious, but what is more so is that Google plans to copy without first seeking the permission of the owners of these works. Google Print would make available what is, by conventional measures at least, the highest grade of information--books produced by millions of the world\u27s leading scholars. This is in stark contrast to the inconsistent quality spectrum one encounters through other online sources such as peer-to-peer networks and blogs, where there currently exists little mechanism for peer review or other means of quality control. What Google proposes to do is either the largest example of copyright infringement in history or the largest example of fair use in history.[...] Two major lawsuits have been filed against Google. The American Association of University Presses, which represents 125 university presses, has sued Google, seeking a declaration that Google is committing copyright infringement by scanning books and an injunction against Google Print. A second lawsuit, a class action representing published authors and The Authors Guild, seeks declaratory and injunctive relief and money damages as well. The outcome of these lawsuits is far from clear and the stakes are huge.[...] Part I of this Article will set out the complex set of facts leading up to the filing of the Google Print lawsuit. Part II will examine the legal and doctrinal issues presented by these facts. I will argue that plaintiffs have a solid prima facie case for massive copyright infringement on a scale never before seen. Google, however, will be able to counter with a compelling and innovative use of the fair use defense. Part III will begin to develop an economic and policy framework for examining and debating the various policy issues raised by the Google Print project and by internet search engines more generally. This analysis will seek to answer important questions regarding the shape and structure that regulation of internet search engines should take. I will argue that courts seeking to maximize social welfare should adopt a bifurcated approach under which fair use rights are accorded to Google with respect to the copyright holders of orphan works, but not with respect to the holders of non-orphan works. This approach is necessary to deal with the legacy problem presented by orphan works created with non-digital technologies, and thus, associated with a more onerous set of transaction costs attached to their accessibility. On a going-forward basis, however, creators of works will be properly incentivized under the approach developed here to protect their works. Thus, over time, a non-bifurcated regime of regulation will emerge. This will perhaps delay, but not impede, the development of Google Print, or a functional equivalent, and will foster the development of a richer market in books and creative works more generally

Peek into the Future: A Breakdown of the Various Implications of Alphago's Success over the Traditional Board Game, Go

This paper aims to present a collection of the several implications of AlphaGo's victory against the top professional Go player, Lee Sedol. The implications were studied through three different aspects: (1) technological, (2) social, and (3) economical/political. The study of the technological implications was done through the lens of understanding what makes AlphaGo work, as well as the differences between AlphaGo and Deep Blue. The social implications are viewed through the perspective of the Go community in general, with a discussion on the fears and optimistic outlooks by different professionals. The economic/political aspect is viewed on a global perspective, integrating business and political mindsets as well as an inquiry into how the Chinese think about issues of war and diplomacy

An Industry Giant\u27s Struggles: Google\u27s Relative Failure Within China

This thesis aims to understand and further explain the reasons culminating in Google\u27s relative failure in the Chinese search engine market. By examining Google\u27s tenure in China, Google\u27s fairings in other large East Asian markets, and other Western corporations\u27 troubles adapting to the Chinese market, this paper works to exhibit the reasons for Google\u27s failure in China. Many of Google\u27s high-ranking officers have claimed censorship as the most important factor in forcing the industry giant to vacate one of the fastest growing and most populous search engine markets in the world, but this paper seeks to exemplify that Google\u27s approach to China was flawed and may have contributed to its failure just as much as censorship. Through the utilization of papers detailing Google\u27s efforts in various East Asian markets, various sources showing the Chinese government\u27s works against Google and the Chinese public\u27s perception of Google\u27s actions, and works discussing Google\u27s strategy in East Asia, the paper analyzes how Google was affected both by internal and external stimuli in the four areas that affect search engine loyalty according to various researchers: speed, comprehensiveness, ease, and relevance. The conclusion is that, while nothing is certain due to how interconnected every aspect of the question is, Google\u27s flawed business plan for the Chinese market and inability to overcome the label as an overly foreign corporation ultimately concluded in its inability to best China\u27s homegrown search engine, Baidu, and its decision to depart the Chinese market

CHORUS Deliverable 2.1: State of the Art on Multimedia Search Engines

Based on the information provided by European projects and national initiatives related to multimedia search as well as domains experts that participated in the CHORUS Think-thanks and workshops, this document reports on the state of the art related to multimedia content search from, a technical, and socio-economic perspective. The technical perspective includes an up to date view on content based indexing and retrieval technologies, multimedia search in the context of mobile devices and peer-to-peer networks, and an overview of current evaluation and benchmark inititiatives to measure the performance of multimedia search engines. From a socio-economic perspective we inventorize the impact and legal consequences of these technical advances and point out future directions of research