Stair-Hexagonal Slot Antenna with Coplanar Waveguide Technique for Biomedical Applications

Breast cancer is the most common disease suffered by women and increases significantly. Ultra-Wideband (UWB) is a technology that applies electromagnetic signals with wide bandwidth that are currently widely used in the medical field. This research introduces the design of the Stair-Hexagonal slot antenna with the Coplanar Waveguide (CPW) technique which operated at desired frequency of 5.8 GHz. Firstly, the design process of the antenna is adding stair slot to get wide bandwidth. Secondly by adding Hexagonal slot to get the best S11 parameter at the desired frequency. The purpose of antenna is to detect an object in body organs such as tumors and cancer. The antenna is printed and tested. The measured return loss shows that the antenna works well in the desired frequency with wider bandwidth than simulated one. The measured bandwidth of 7.88 GHz is achieved. The gain of the antenna from the simulation is 2.42 dBi and radiation pattern of simulation and measurement are bidirectional, wherein the highest gain is in the rear position. Further analysis is done by comparing the proposed antenna with the existing related works. The result of this research shows the practical usage of the flexible substrate because it can increase the accuracy of object detection

A Meandered Line Patch Antenna at Low Frequency Range for Early Stage Breast Cancer Detection

Every year a concerning number of women are affected by breast cancer which is one of the deadliest and common types of cancers. Breast cancer is curable at early stages. For detecting breast cancer, there are several methods such as MRI, Mammography, Tomography, Ultrasound, and biopsy are available in medical technology. Still, none of them are as easy and efficient as a microwave imaging technique, in this method, the antenna plays an important role. Therefore, this paper focuses on developing an antenna at a low-frequency range for microwave imaging techniques to detect cancerous tissue inside the breast. For this, the antenna parameters, i.e., return loss, VSWR, directivity, current density, and specific absorption rate were studied, by setting the antenna over without tumor and with tumor breast as up-side-down, to ensure the compatibility of the antenna for the technique as well as for the patient’s body. A 5mm radius cancerous tumor was created inside the breast with dielectric conductivity of 4 and relative permittivity of 50. Cancerous cells were detected by reading the antenna parameters’ comparison between the healthy breast and the affected breast. The whole study was conducted by using CST MICROWAVE STUDIO SUITE 2020.

Terahertz Microstrip Patch Antenna for Breast Tumour Detection

Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers among Malaysian women. It is critical to discover strategies to detect the tumour early on. Terahertz (THz) frequency provides excellent qualities for detecting tumours such as low photon energy and non-ionising radiation as compared to prior methods such as mammography, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) that use optical to X-ray frequencies. The purpose of this work is to analyse and locate a breast tumour as well as to compute the maximum specific absorption rate (SAR) value. It was designed a THz rectangular microstrip patch antenna with an inset feed. To improve the antenna's performance, graphene was used for the patch and polyimide for the substrate. This antenna covered a bandwidth of 31.6 GHz and worked in the frequency range of 0.283-0.599 THz. To identify the location of a tumour, compute the SAR value, and localise the tumour, SAR simulation was used. The maximum SAR shifted to the tumor's position due to greater absorption rate around its tissue due to higher dielectric constant features. It was calculated that 1e-05g of average mass is required to be less than total tissue mass, which is 2.0063e-05g. SAR study revealed a maximum SAR value of 2.49391e+06 W/kg, which was not more than the overall absorption rate for human body safety. The SAR calculation result revealed that the tumour is within the range of the tumor's initial location

Investigation of microwave sensor and integrate with polydimethylsiloxane for medical imaging application

The small-sized wideband antenna is one of the antennas used in the medical field to detect body tissue. The antenna's direct contact with the human body causes reflected signal due to the high body coupling, and the narrower bandwidth tends to reduce the data transfer rate in transmission. Therefore, this paper aims to design a wideband antenna with wearable properties operated in the frequency range of 3 GHz to 6 GHz. The antenna is designed with a rectangular-shaped patch with notches and the t-slot shaped partial slot ground. The connected speech test (CST) studio suite software is used to design and optimize the miniature antenna, which measures 24 mm (W) x 38 mm (L) x 0.168 mm (H). The antenna is then embedded with polydimethylsilixane (PDMS) at the top half of the antenna with the dimension 24 mm (W) x 19 mm (L) x 1 mm (H) and also fully occupied. The antenna is configured with the bending capabilities to adapt the human body surface at an angle of 30º. The antenna is having the benefits of small size, cost-effective, and easy to fabricate. The antenna design can effectively detect unusual body tissue, and it safe to be used

Determination of the breast cancer tumor diameter using a UWB microwave antenna system

This paper presents a novel ultra-wideband microwave antenna system to detect breast cancer and estimate tumor diameter. The system operates within the frequency range of 1 to 12 GHz and comprises a microstrip-fed monopole antenna that encircles the breast to identify the presence of tumors. The study demonstrates that a tumor within the breast can be detected by observing changes in the distribution of current density within the breast tissue, particularly in regions containing tumors of varying sizes. The research findings reveal that the system can identify breast tumors with the highest recorded current density of 188 A/m2 in cases with a tumor diameter of 30 mm, while the lowest recorded current density is 140 A/m2 for tumors with a diameter of 5 mm. Furthermore, the highest Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) value measured at the surface of the breast model is 0.2 W/kg. To determine the diameter of the tumors, the system collects and analyzes backscattered waves from a breast model. The investigation covers tumors with diameters ranging from 1 mm to 35 mm, and the received signals are recorded. In contrast to prior research, this study introduces an empirical model with a remarkable accuracy rate of 92.28% for characterizing the diameter of breast tumors based on the measurement analysis.</p

Metamaterial vivaldi antenna array for breast cancer detection

The objective of this work is the design and validation of a directional Vivaldi antenna to detect tumor cells’ electromagnetic waves with a frequency of around 5 GHz. The proposed antenna is 33% smaller than a traditional Vivaldi antenna due to the use of metamaterials in its design. It has an excellent return loss of 25 dB at 5 GHz and adequate radiation characteristics as its gain is 6.2 dB at 5 GHz. The unit cell size of the proposed metamaterial is 0.058λ × 0.054λ at the operation frequency of 5 GHz. The proposed antenna was designed and optimized in CST microwave software, and the measured and simulated results were in good agreement. The experimental study demonstrates that an array composed with the presented antennas can detect the existence of tumors in a liquid breast phantom with positional accuracy through the analysis of the minimum amplitude of Sii.FCT national funds, under the national support to R&D units grant, through the reference project UIDB/04436/2020 and UIDP/04436/202

Full ground ultra-wideband wearable textile antenna for breast cancer and wireless area body network applications

Wireless body area network (WBAN) applications have broad utility in monitoring patient health and transmitting the data wirelessly. WBAN can greatly benefit from wearable antennas. Wearable antennas provide comfort and continuity of the monitoring of the patient. Therefore, they must be comfortable, flexible, and operate without excessive degradation near the body. Most wearable antennas use a truncated ground, which increases specific absorption rate (SAR) undesirably. A full ground ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna is proposed and utilized here to attain a broad bandwidth while keeping SAR in the acceptable range based on both 1 g and 10 g standards. It is designed on a denim substrate with a dielectric constant of 1.4 and thickness of 0.7 mm alongside the ShieldIt conductive textile. The antenna is fed using a ground coplanar waveguide (GCPW) through a substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW) transition. This transition creates a perfect match while reducing SAR. In addition, the proposed antenna has a bandwidth (BW) of 7–28 GHz, maximum directive gain of 10.5 dBi and maximum radiation efficiency of 96%, with small dimensions of 60 × 50 × 0.7 mm3. The good antenna’s performance while it is placed on the breast shows that it is a good candidate for both breast cancer imaging and WBAN