Drawing Order Diagrams Through Two-Dimension Extension

Order diagrams are an important tool to visualize the complex structure of ordered sets. Favorable drawings of order diagrams, i.e., easily readable for humans, are hard to come by, even for small ordered sets. Many attempts were made to transfer classical graph drawing approaches to order diagrams. Although these methods produce satisfying results for some ordered sets, they unfortunately perform poorly in general. In this work we present the novel algorithm DimDraw to draw order diagrams. This algorithm is based on a relation between the dimension of an ordered set and the bipartiteness of a corresponding graph.Comment: 16 pages, 12 Figure

Extended high dimensional indexing approach for reachability queries on very large graphs

Given a directed acyclic graph G = (V,A) and two vertices u, v ∈ V , the reachability problem is to answer if there is a path from u to v in the graph. In the context of very large graphs, with millions of vertices and a series of queries to be answered, it is not practical to search the graph for each query. On the other hand, the storage of the full transitive closure of the graph is also impractical due to its O(|V |2) size. Scalable approaches aim to create indices used to prune the search during its execution. Negative indices may be able to determine (in constant time) that a query has a negative answer while positive indices may determine (again in constant time) that a query has a positive answer. In this paper we propose novel scalable approach called LYNX that uses a large number of topological sorts of G as a negative cut index without degrading the query time. A similar strategy is applied regarding a positive cut index. In addition, LYNX proposes a user-defined index size that enables the user to control the ratio between negative and positive cuts depending on the expected query pattern. We show by computational experiments that LYNX consistently outperforms the state-of-the-art approach in terms of query-time using the same index-size for graphs with high reachability ratio. In intelligent computer systems that rely on frequent tests of connectivity in graphs, LYNX can reduce the time delay experience by end users through a reduced query time. This comes at the expense of an increased setup time whenever the underlying graph is updated. Keywords: directed acyclic graphs, topological sorts, reachability queries, graph indexingpublishedVersio

Superpatterns and Universal Point Sets

An old open problem in graph drawing asks for the size of a universal point set, a set of points that can be used as vertices for straight-line drawings of all n-vertex planar graphs. We connect this problem to the theory of permutation patterns, where another open problem concerns the size of superpatterns, permutations that contain all patterns of a given size. We generalize superpatterns to classes of permutations determined by forbidden patterns, and we construct superpatterns of size n^2/4 + Theta(n) for the 213-avoiding permutations, half the size of known superpatterns for unconstrained permutations. We use our superpatterns to construct universal point sets of size n^2/4 - Theta(n), smaller than the previous bound by a 9/16 factor. We prove that every proper subclass of the 213-avoiding permutations has superpatterns of size O(n log^O(1) n), which we use to prove that the planar graphs of bounded pathwidth have near-linear universal point sets.Comment: GD 2013 special issue of JGA

The Partial Visibility Representation Extension Problem

For a graph $G$, a function $\psi$ is called a \emph{bar visibility representation} of $G$ when for each vertex $v \in V(G)$, $\psi(v)$ is a horizontal line segment (\emph{bar}) and $uv \in E(G)$ iff there is an unobstructed, vertical, $\varepsilon$-wide line of sight between $\psi(u)$ and $\psi(v)$. Graphs admitting such representations are well understood (via simple characterizations) and recognizable in linear time. For a directed graph $G$, a bar visibility representation $\psi$ of $G$, additionally, puts the bar $\psi(u)$ strictly below the bar $\psi(v)$ for each directed edge $(u,v)$ of $G$. We study a generalization of the recognition problem where a function $\psi'$ defined on a subset $V'$ of $V(G)$ is given and the question is whether there is a bar visibility representation $\psi$ of $G$ with $\psi(v) = \psi'(v)$ for every $v \in V'$. We show that for undirected graphs this problem together with closely related problems are \NP-complete, but for certain cases involving directed graphs it is solvable in polynomial time.Comment: Appears in the Proceedings of the 24th International Symposium on Graph Drawing and Network Visualization (GD 2016

Algorithms for Incremental Planar Graph Drawing and Two-page Book Embeddings

Subject of this work are two problems related to ordering the vertices of planar graphs. The first one is concerned with the properties of vertex-orderings that serve as a basis for incremental drawing algorithms. Such a drawing algorithm usually extends a drawing by adding the vertices step-by-step as provided by the ordering. In the field of graph drawing several orderings are in use for this purpose. Some of them, however, lack certain properties that are desirable or required for classic incremental drawing methods. We narrow down these properties, and introduce the bitonic st-ordering, an ordering which combines the features only available when using canonical orderings with the flexibility of st-orderings. The additional property of being bitonic enables an st-ordering to be used in algorithms that usually require a canonical ordering. With this in mind, we describe a linear-time algorithm that computes such an ordering for every biconnected planar graph. Unlike canonical orderings, st-orderings extend to directed graphs, in particular planar st-graphs. Being able to compute bitonic st-orderings for planar st-graphs is of particular interest for upward planar drawing algorithms, since traditional incremental algorithms for undirected planar graphs might be adapted to directed graphs. Based on this observation, we give a full characterization of the class of planar st-graphs that admit such an ordering. This includes a linear-time algorithm for recognition and ordering. Furthermore, we show that by splitting specific edges of an instance that is not part of this class, one is able to transform it into one for which then such an ordering exists. To do so, we describe a linear-time algorithm for finding the smallest set of edges to split. We show that for a planar st-graph G=(V,E), |V|−3 edge splits are sufficient and every edge is split at most once. This immediately translates to the number of bends required for upward planar poly-line drawings. More specifically, we show that every planar st-graph admits an upward planar poly-line drawing in quadratic area with at most |V|−3 bends in total and at most one bend per edge. Moreover, the drawing can be obtained in linear time. The second part is concerned with embedding planar graphs with maximum degree three and four into books. Besides providing a simplified incremental linear-time algorithm for embedding triconnected 3-planar graphs into a book of two pages, we describe a linear-time algorithm to compute a subhamiltonian cycle in a triconnected 4-planar graph

Upward planarization and layout

Die Visualisierung von gerichteten azyklischen Graphen (DAGs) gehört zu den wichtigsten Aufgaben im automatischen Zeichnen von Graphen. Hierbei suchen wir für einen gegebenen DAG G eine Zeichnung von G (Aufwärtszeichnung von G genannt), sodass alle Kanten als Kurven streng monoton in vertikaler Richtung steigend gezeichnet werden. Um die Lesbarkeit der Zeichnung zu erhöhen, sollte neben der Aufwärtseigenschaft auch die Anzahl der Kantenkreuzungen in der Zeichnung möglichst gering sein. In dieser Dissertation entwerfen wir einen neuen Ansatz zur Visualisierung von gerichteten Graphen, der auf der Idee der Aufwärtsplanarisierung basiert. Wir stellen zuerst ein innovatives Aufwärtsplanarisierungverfahren vor, das neue Techniken für die Berechnung aufwärtsplanare Untergraphen und die anschließende Kanteneinfügephase einsetzt. Vor allem werden in dem neuen Verfahren keine Schichtungstechniken zur Kreuzungsminimierung benutzt, wie wir sie aus dem Zeichenverfahren von Sugiyama et al. [STT81] oder aus dem Aufwärtsplanarisierungsverfahren von Eiglsperger et al. [EKE03] kennen. Die Festlegung einer Schichtung kann nämlich zu sehr schlechten Ergebnissen führen. Folglich besitzt das neue Verfahren nicht die Nachteile der bisherigen Kreuzungsminimierungsverfahren. Experimentellen Analysen zeigen, dass das neue Aufwärtsplanarisierungsverfahren deutlich bessere Ergebnisse liefert als das klassische, auf Schichtungen basierende Kreuzungsminimierungsverfahren, und dies unabhängig von den benutzten Lösungsansätzen (heuristisch oder optimal) für die klevel Kreuzungsminimierungsphase. Auch im Vergleich mit den bekannten Aufwärtsplanarisierungsverfahren (Di Battista et al. [BPTT89] und Eiglsperger et al. [EKE03]) zeigt sich, dass der neue Ansatz weitaus bessere Ergebnisse liefert. Wir stellen auch zwei Erweiterungen des neuen Ansatzes vor: eine Erweiterung zur Aufwärtsplanarisierung von gerichteten Hypergraphen und eine zur Unterstützung von Port Constraints. Das Ergebnis der Aufwärtsplanarisierung ist eine aufwärtsplanare Repräsentation (UPR) — ein eingebetteter DAG, in dem Kreuzungen durch künstliche Dummy-Knoten modelliert werden. Wir stellen ein Layoutverfahren zur Realisierung solcher UPRs vor, d.h., ein Verfahren, das aus einem UPR eine Aufwärtszeichnung konstruiert, sodass die Kantenkreuzungen in der Zeichnung zu den Dummy-Knoten des gegebenen UPR korrespondieren. Die wenigen existierenden Zeichenverfahren zur Realisierung von UPRs sind sehr einfach und wurden ursprünglich entwickelt, um planare st-Graphen zu zeichnen. Unser neues Verfahren stellt somit das erste Layoutverfahren dar, das speziell im Hinblick auf die Realisierung von UPRs entworfen wurde. Es bietet zwei wichtige Vorteile gegenüber dem etablierten Standardzeichenalgorithmus von Sugiyama et al.: Die Zeichnungen besitzen wesentlich weniger Kreuzungen, was zur deutlichen Verbesserung der Lesbarkeit führt. Ferner sind sie strukturierter und machen einen aufgeräumteren Eindruck