Creare una Waterproof City lungo il mare Mediterraneo

The European Commission adopted the European Adaptation Strategy obliging all the Member States to implement national plans in order to to cope with the inevitable Climate Change impacts by 2017. Creating a waterproof city  requires intensive cooperation, public awareness and citizen involvement. The issues are very topical because of the recent increase in extreme events related to climate change: heavy rains, tornadoes, water scarcity, drought. Recent years have witnessed  phenomena due to climate change, with temperatures and rainfall levels that are of significant interest not when drawing up average figures, but especially in the maximum seasonal and daily peak intensity figures. The methodology looks at some case studies that have been characterized by the experimentation of policies and strategies for the successful adaptation and mitigation of hydraulic risks, in particular with regard to the preparation of climate adaptation strategies that have been tested successfully in some cities like Copenhagen, Rotterdam and Vancouver. The main goals and results of the research are related to the possibility of repeating the most successful proceedures, with the aim of providing the municipalities of Southern Italy, and in particular of the Calabrian and Sicilian areas, with the appropriate tools and strategies to create waterproof cities with the full involvement of the settled communities. Creare una Waterproof City lungo il mare MediterraneoLa Commissione europea ha adottato la strategia europea di adattamento con l'obbligo per tutti gli Stati membri di attuare piani nazionali per far fronte agli impatti dei cambiamenti climatici entro il 2017. Creare una città waterproof richiede un'intensa cooperazione ed un forte coinvolgimento dei cittadini. Le questioni sono di grande attualità a causa del recente aumento degli eventi estremi legati ai cambiamenti climatici: forti piogge, tornado, scarsità d'acqua, siccità. Negli ultimi anni ci sono stati fenomeni dovuti ai cambiamenti climatici, con temperature e precipitazioni che hanno valori significativi di interesse non nella conformazione del valore medio, ma soprattutto nella massima intensità di picco stagionale e giornaliera. La metodologia prevede lo studio di alcuni casi studio in italia e nel mondo che si sono caratterizzati per la sperimentazione di politiche e strategie di successo nell’adattamento e mitigazione dei rischi idraulici, in particolare riguardo la predisposizione di strategie di adattamento climatico che sono state sperimentate con successo in alcune città come Copenhagen, Rotterdam, Vancouver…Gli obiettivi  ed i risultati della ricerca sono relativi alla replicabilità delle best practices analizzate, con lo scopo di fornire ai comuni del Mezzogiorno italiano, ed in particolare delle zone di studio calabresi e siciliane, gli opportuni strumenti e strategie per realizzare delle waterproof city con il pieno coinvolgimento delle comunità insediate.La Commissione europea ha adottato la strategia europea di adattamento con l'obbligo per tutti gli Stati membri di attuare piani nazionali per far fronte agli impatti dei cambiamenti climatici entro il 2017. Creare una città waterproof richiede un'intensa cooperazione ed un forte coinvolgimento dei cittadini. Le questioni sono di grande attualità a causa del recente aumento degli eventi estremi legati ai cambiamenti climatici: forti piogge, tornado, scarsità d'acqua, siccità. Negli ultimi anni ci sono stati fenomeni dovuti ai cambiamenti climatici, con temperature e precipitazioni che hanno valori significativi di interesse non nella conformazione del valore medio, ma soprattutto nella massima intensità di picco stagionale e giornaliera. La metodologia prevede lo studio di alcuni casi studio in italia e nel mondo che si sono caratterizzati per la sperimentazione di politiche e strategie di successo nell’adattamento e mitigazione dei rischi idraulici, in particolare riguardo la predisposizione di strategie di adattamento climatico che sono state sperimentate con successo in alcune città come Copenhagen, Rotterdam, Vancouver…Gli obiettivi  ed i risultati della ricerca sono relativi alla replicabilità delle best practices analizzate, con lo scopo di fornire ai comuni del Mezzogiorno italiano, ed in particolare delle zone di studio calabresi e siciliane, gli opportuni strumenti e strategie per realizzare delle waterproof city con il pieno coinvolgimento delle comunità insediate. Creating a Waterproof City Along the Mediterranean SeaThe European Commission adopted the European Adaptation Strategy obliging all the Member States to implement national plans in order to to cope with the inevitable Climate Change impacts by 2017. Creating a waterproof city  requires intensive cooperation, public awareness and citizen involvement. The issues are very topical because of the recent increase in extreme events related to climate change: heavy rains, tornadoes, water scarcity, drought. Recent years have witnessed  phenomena due to climate change, with temperatures and rainfall levels that are of significant interest not when drawing up average figures, but especially in the maximum seasonal and daily peak intensity figures. The methodology looks at some case studies that have been characterized by the experimentation of policies and strategies for the successful adaptation and mitigation of hydraulic risks, in particular with regard to the preparation of climate adaptation strategies that have been tested successfully in some cities like Copenhagen, Rotterdam and Vancouver. The main goals and results of the research are related to the possibility of repeating the most successful proceedures, with the aim of providing the municipalities of Southern Italy, and in particular of the Calabrian and Sicilian areas, with the appropriate tools and strategies to create waterproof cities with the full involvement of the settled communities

The Adapting city. Resilience through water design in Rotterdam

The Netherlands is a fragile and vulnerable land; spatial planning is very important, just as important is the resilience of the system and its adaptation to climate change. Rotterdam is a delta city and, in a period of heavy climate change, it will experiment more extreme weather conditions, such as heavier rainstorms, longer periods of drought and more heat waves, as well as higher water levels in the river Meuse; so is important to know that it is a deep vulnerable city and need right strategies to overcome the problem and to be adapted to conseguences of climate change. The results presented in these manuscript were developed through some academic course at TUDelft; the main aim is to arrive at shared ambitions for climate proof urban development and to make specific concrete agreements about this defining a strategy able to enforce urban beauty and absorb excess rainwater and improve urban resilience through the implementation of some adaptive measures linking this strategy to the whole urban governante of the city. There is the need to implement a conscious and smart urban governance and to undertake urban awareness actions that aim at the awareness of the communities, which becomes an active part in promoting urban resilience policies and in creating the sustainable city. The strategy is characterized by some main innovation that could be recreated in other countries, such as the inclusion of resilience’s theme in all levels of government and in all urban planning instruments and in spatial and strategic development policies; the deep cooperation between all stakeholders and public administrations; and the role of urban design that is able to create a waterproof city, enhancing the quality of public space

A study on the revitalization of urban water reuse through MFA (material flow analysis)

Thesis(Master) --KDI School:Master of Public Mangement,2020.Various urban problems are occurring due to urban development caused by rapid urbanization. To solve these urban problems, Europe recently attempted to analyze urban problems through MFA (material flow analysis) from the perspective of urban metaphysical view of cities as living organisms. In this study, the MFA analysis on the material circulation (water focus) of the city resulted in the conclusion that the re-use of rainwater should be increased by comparing the apartment complexes in the east side of Stadionbuurt in the Netherlands and Songsan Green City in korea. However, to increase the utilization rate of rainwater, institutional and non-institutional support will be needed, such as in the Netherlands.1. Introduction 2. literature riveiw 3. Target area intriduction 4. Metholody 5. The result of MFA 6. Suggestions & LimitationsmasterpublishedTae Guen, KIM

A data-driven approach to road accidents in the municipality of Lisbon

Traffic accidents in urban areas lead to reduced quality of life and social inequality in cities, specially in third world countries. The growth of the urban mesh and the population density is seldom accompanied by the development or sizing of the road infrastructure. It is a fact that the number and severity of road accidents in Portugal have been decreasing over the last thirty years, bringing us closer to the European average. However, despite these facts, the situation remains worrying. Despite the adoption of programs such as the European Commission Road Safety Program and the recent EU Road Safety Policy Framework 2021-2030 or, on a national basis, the PENSE 2020 - National Strategic Plan for Road Safety the number of road accidents with victims in the district of Lisbon is still higher than the European average. Thus, and for this dissertation, we conducted an exploratory data analysis (EDA) on the combined data of traffic incidents recorded in the occurrence management system of the Lisbon Fire Brigade Regiment (RSB) and the road accidents reported to ANSR by the security forces (GNR and PSP) through the Statistical Bulletin of Traffic Accidents (BEAV). Furthermore, with data from occurrences in the Municipality of Lisbon between 2010 and 2020, to identify the existence of Black Spots in Lisbon's roads and which are the most significant and contributing factors to explain their existence. The data on road accidents were also georeferenced to capitalize their spatial existence and, consequently, better understand the existing spatial patterns and risk factors. Subsequently, through the use of the ArcGIS Pro we apply the algorithms of the Kernel Density and Hot Spot Analysis (Getis-Ord Gi*) tools, identifying the existence of the black spots, and that human, environmental and circumstantial factors have an influence on the severity of accidents, being the content validity guaranteed through an expert committee. This way, our research goal is to contribute to identify accident concentration areas in the city of Lisbon (hotspots), considering their influencing conditions.Os acidentes de trânsito em áreas urbanas conduzem à redução da qualidade de vida e à desigualdade social nas cidades, especialmente nos países em desenvolvimento. O crescimento da malha urbana, assim como, a densidade populacional raramente é acompanhada pelo desenvolvimento ou dimensionamento da infraestrutura rodoviária. É um facto que o número e a gravidade dos acidentes rodoviários em Portugal têm vindo a diminuir ao longo dos últimos trinta anos, o que permitiu aproximarmos da média Europeia, apesar destes factos a situação continua a ser preocupante. Apesar da adoção de programas como o Programa de Segurança Rodoviária da Comissão Europeia ou, numa base nacional, o PENSE 2020 - Plano Estratégico Nacional para a Segurança Rodoviária os números de acidentes de viação com vítimas no distrito de Lisboa continuam a ser mais elevados do que a média europeia. Desta forma e para efeitos deste trabalho realizamos uma análise de dados exploratória (AED) aos dados dos incidentes de transito registados no sistema de gestão de ocorrências do Regimento de Sapadores Bombeiros de Lisboa e a os dados de acidentes rodoviários reportados à ANSR pelas forças de segurança (GNR e PSP) através do Boletim Estatístico de Acidentes de Viação (BEAV) e ocorridos no concelho de Lisboa entre 2010 e 2020 por forma a identificar a existência de Pontos Negros nas vias de Lisboa e quais os fatores mais significantes e contribuintes que permitam explicar a sua existência. Os dados relativos aos acidentes rodoviários foram também georreferenciados para capitalizar a sua existência espacial e, consequentemente, compreender melhor os padrões espaciais existentes e os fatores de risco. Posteriormente através do recurso ArcGIS Pro aplicaram-se os algoritmos das ferramentas Densidade de Kernel e Hot Spot Analysis (Getis-Ord Gi*), identificando a existência dos pontos negros, e que fatores humanos, ambientais e circunstanciais têm influência na gravidade dos acidentes e que algumas variáveis de exposição foram consideradas importantes na explicação da ocorrência dos mesmos, sendo a validade do conteúdo garantida através de uma comissão de especialistas. Pretende-se, assim, contribuir para a identificação das zonas de concentração de acidentes da cidade de Lisboa (hotspots), tendo em conta as suas condições influenciadoras. Potenciando a segurança rodoviária no município

Climate adaptation planning for resilient and sustainable cities: Perspectives from the City of Rotterdam (Netherlands) and the City of Antwerp (Belgium)

Climate adaptation planning in pursuit of resilient and sustainable societies has become a focal point in urban policy. Climate adaptation planning is generally regarded as separate from traditional urban planning practices. Globally and in Europe, however, cities are increasingly integrating climate adaptation planning into their traditional urban planning instruments and processes. Recent research indicates that the scope of such integration is at varying stages. The City of Rotterdam (Netherlands) and the City of Antwerp (Belgium) have been identified as two European cities that face similar climate impacts and risks given their proximity to a large river delta. Both cities aim to integrate climate adaptation into their respective urban planning policies, but the scope of their integration differs

Light Aircraft Management System

This report details methods to construct a flight data logging system that can be used to manage student flight and aircraft maintenance records. These methods utilise GPS, embedded processors and associated software to depict the occurrence of landings, Touch and Goes and record aircraft total flight time. By manipulating these methods it was possible to produce a usable data-logging unit which facilitated the automation of flight maneuver recording. This datatogging unit was constructed from embedded components and interfaced with a user defined database. Perusal of the details within should provide the reader with a clear understanding of the tasks involved with employing external equipment to log flight information and to implement this in a form that is beneficial to many users. The technical aspects of this report are twofold: 1. Active employment of electrical and communication based products to extrapolate raw flight information. 2. Implementation of logging program, database and operating system in order to manage raw flight information. These technical aspects are embodied within detailed background information, multiple versions of implementation and an insight into future adaptations of what has already been achieved. The outcome of this report will enable aviation staff and others to automate the updating of student history and achievements towards their license, indicate to the airport an unbiased cost of flight and when the maintenance of their aircraft are due. This project has commercial interest and following the compellations of my findings will almost certainly find its way on to the light aircraft market

Urban Coastal Systems and Coastal Flooding. A GIS-based tool for planning climate-sensitive cities

In 2013, the "EU Strategy in adaptation to climate change" adopted by the European Commission stated the need of adaptation to climate impacts of European territories, including coastal areas. In fact, these areas are characterized by a higher concentration of buildings and people in comparison to inland areas. Furthermore, economic assets within 500 meters from the coastline have a value between €500 and €1,000 billion (EEA, 2016). Due to their several resources and the high degree of accessibility, these areas are very attractive for people and, hence, their population growth is expected to increase in the future (Neumann et al., 2015). Therefore, these characteristics make coastal cities particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. One of the forecasted impacts of climate change in these areas is the increase of coastal floods due to rising sea level and storm surges. In this context, urban planning plays a key role in urban adaptation. However, even though the interest in this topic is increasing, operative support and tools for planning urban adaptation for cities are in short supply, especially for coastal cities. To date, urban adaptation has been mainly based on the concept of vulnerability and several vulnerability indices have been developed for supporting decision makers in the adaptation process of coastal areas, especially on the territorial level, grounding on a sectoral perspective. As a consequence, the adoption of this approach does not allow to take into account the complexity of the coastal urban system and, thus, all the features and their relationships that can affect the effectiveness of the urban measures to implement in the process of urban adaptation. Based on these observations, the purpose of this research was the development of a new decision support tool that allows the most suitable urban actions to be identified for increasing the capacity of cities to deal with coastal flooding events due to future rising sea level and storm surges. Besides the use of the most innovative GIS-based technologies, one of the novelties introduced with this work was the adoption of the holistic-system approach for the tool development, such as in the case of the definition of the new composite index based on the more holistic concept of urban resilience. For what concerns the development of the GIS-based tool, a four-phase methodology was defined. The first step was the definition and development of a novel composite index for a quantitative evaluation of the “urban coastal resilience” on the local level, named Coastal Resilience Index (or CoRI), by the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) (Saaty, 1980), supported by the Delphi Method. In particular, the CoRI index allows the identification of four resilience levels (high, medium-high, medium-low and low). In the second step, since the urban adaptation measures should be defined in relation to physical and functional characteristics of the urban context, a classification of urban coastal areas was introduced, by specifying Urban Coastal Units (UCUs) depending on their urban density and land use. Considering the CoRI levels and the UCU classification and according to the coastal adaptation approaches defined by the IPCC (Nicholls et al., 2007), in the third phase, four classes of Urban Adaptation Actions were defined. In detail, a matrix that puts in relation the Urban Adaptation Actions classes with UCUs and CoRI levels has been developed. In relation to these three main phases and considering the potentialities of GIS applications in urban planning, in the last phase, a design workflow for developing the GIS-based tool was defined. Thanks to this workflow, the GIS-based tool was implemented and applied to a study area in the city of Naples. In particular, the identification of the potential coastal floodplains of Naples was useful for selecting the study area that includes five neighbourhoods - Barra, Mercato, Industrial Zone, Pendino and San Giovanni a Teduccio - localized in the eastern part of the city. Hence, the input data of the area chosen for the tool's implementation were collected. According to the methodology aforementioned, the GIS-based tool was realized considering three toolboxes: the “Coastal Resilience Index Tools” toolbox, the “Urban Coastal Units Tools” toolbox and, finally, the “Urban Adaptation Actions Tools” toolbox. From the application of the GIS-based tool to the study area, the main findings were the following ones. About the CoRI, the study area is characterized by a high presence of urban areas with medium-low resilience levels (61% of the study area) and by the absence of urban areas with high resilience levels. Concerning the UCU, the urban area is characterized by a high physical and functional complexity of the urban area. Therefore, the majority of the study area is classified as UCU 1 (i.e. high-density and mix-used developments) and UCU 2 (i.e. mono-functional zones, transport infrastructure, public facilities), while the absence of natural areas is noted. Regarding the identification of the Urban Adaptation Actions, all the UCUs need to enhance their resilience level through the implementation of fitting urban measures due to the absence of urban areas characterized by high resilience levels and the high urbanization degree of the study area. In particular, in the majority of the area (about 61%), it is necessary to implement a mix of “hardware” and “software” measures. Therefore, urban transformations should be addressed towards the realization or improvement of protection infrastructure systems, the use of resilient design standards at building scale and the reduction of land-use intensity through the delocalization of critical facilities from the coastline. From an urban planning perspective, the application of the GIS-based tool to the study area in Naples highlights how the urban layout and spatial organization can affect the urban capacity to deal with coastal flooding. Indicators that compose the CoRI enable the in-depth study of urban contexts, and identify areas where there are major shortcomings in terms of urban resilience. Whereas the Urban Coastal Units classification enables the categorization of coastal areas in relation to their land use and land-use intensity in order to better identify the most appropriate “palette” of urban adaptation actions to implement. The identification of a set of urban actions for different urban typologies can be useful for not only defining and programming new urban transformations but also for allowing decision-makers to monetize possible interventions to carry out. In conclusion, urban transformations will be more and more necessary in order to adapt urban areas to future impacts due to climate change. Therefore, in order to better deal with the forthcoming climate change impacts on cities, the novel methodology provided in this study sets the framework for the development of new urban planning tools capable to cope with other climate impacts and, eventually, for their integration in order to develop a comprehensive tool for urban adaptation to different possible impacts of climate change (Wardekker et al., 2010)

Rischio idraulico e governo del territorio, per una concezione strutturale e sostenibile del piano urbanistico. Contenuti, regole e meccanismi attuativi

La Ricerca, dal titolo «Rischio idraulico e Governo del territorio, per una concezione strutturale e sostenibile del piano urbanistico. Contenuti, regole e meccanismi attuativi» (tutor: Prof. Arch. Laura Ricci), si svolge nell’ambito del Dottorato di Ricerca in Pianificazione, Design e Tecnologia dell’Architettura, all’interno dello specifico indirizzo disciplinare urbanistico. In linea con le precedenti tesi condotte nel Dottorato, lo studio affronta il tema della Rigenerazione urbana ricercando un innovato approccio, complesso e integrato, alla pianificazione urbanistica locale. La Ricerca, in particolare, affronta il tema dell’integrazione, sia sotto il profilo metodologico che operativo, della prevenzione e mitigazione del rischio idraulico all’interno della pianificazione urbanistica, in particolare all’interno del piano urbanistico sostenibile, esito dell’integrazione tra la disciplina urbanistica e l’ecologia. Tale integrazione è quindi contestualizzata all’interno del Governo del territorio, inteso come più ampia cornice che «sostanzi e dia attuazione a una strategia unitaria e integrata di governo pubblico che coniuga e mette in coerenza le politiche di sviluppo del sistema insediativo e del sistema delle infrastrutture con quelle di tutela e di valorizzazione del sistema ambientale tradizionalmente demandate alle politiche settoriali» (Ricci, 2015), esplorandone i diversi approcci in coerenza con gli obiettivi e il carattere multidisciplinare del Dottorato, i quali promuovono la necessità di elaborare tesi orientate alla comprensione globale e integrata delle tematiche della rigenerazione, superando letture parziali e settoriali

An investigation into community responses to localised urban flooding: the potential role of ecological citizenship (EC)

This study acknowledges the significant impact of climate change, specifically on resulting flooding and explores why it proves difficult to engender action at the community level. It aims to develop an understanding of the ‘value action gaps’1 and “misperceptions” 2 that currently restrict climate change adaptation within communities. It investigates whether ecological citizenship (EC) could provide a suitable framework for understanding the wider issues around localised flooding, in particular low impact sustainable urban drainage (LISUD). It asks whether active participatory social learning can overturn individual or group behaviours and practices to improve EC. By investigating behavioural change theories, it is hoped to evolve strategies to tackle the gap between intentions and actions. It enquires as to how and if consensus planning facilitates greater personal responsibility; whether top-down or bottom-up approaches are more successful; and seeks to understand whether engagement delivered as active participatory social learning can overcome a reluctance to act. Based on an extensive review of relevant literature, online surveys and questionnaires were distributed to existing UK communities chosen based on location, the likelihood of flooding and the degree to which they were personally inclined to undertake pro-environment actions. Analysis of the responses demonstrated a good awareness of the issues and an understanding of sustainable measures that could be implemented individually or collectively to restrict flooding. However, implementation proved to be constrained by ‘value action gaps’, and ‘misperceptions’. Focus group workshops and semi-structured interviews were also undertaken to provide an in-depth understanding of the barriers to motivation to determine drivers that would facilitate action. A study of the construction, implementation and operation of prototype planned adaptations was undertaken to interrogate the adopted strategies and their success in overcoming the value action gaps. The study illustrates how these strategies can provide best practice guidance to LISUD, including future replication abroad. The results indicate that communities of practice (CoPs) undertaking social learning as part of wider consensus planning, may reduce those “misperceptions”. It is therefore recommended that CoPs are encouraged to participate in consensus planning around EC communication. Further research is needed to identify other factors that could strengthen the effectiveness of the EC process as a theory of motivation