Uji Antibakteri Rhizopus sp. Asal Inokulum Tempe terhadap Vibrio cholerae

Rhizopus sp. merupakan kapang yang digunakan dalam fermentasi tempe. Kapang Rhizopus pada tempe telah dikaji manfaatnya dalam mengurangi kejadian diare pada Escherichia coli dan Salmonella typhidibandingkan pada Vibrio cholerae. Diare kolera yang disebabkan oleh Vibrio cholerae pernah menjadi Kejadian Luar Biasa (KLB) di Indonesia, sehingga bakteri kolera sebagai penyebab penyakit pada penderita diare masih ada. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kemampuan antibakteri Rhizopus sp asal inokulum tempe terhadap Vibrio cholerae dan mengetahui perbedaan kemampuan antibakteri Rhizopus sp dari beberapa inokulum tempe terhadap Vibrio cholerae. Uji antibakteri Rhizopus sp terhadap Vibrio cholerae dilakukan dengan metode difusi kertas. Isolasi dari inokulum tempe komersial memperoleh dua isolat kapang, yang teridentifikasi Rhizopus sp.IP dan Rhizopus sp. IJ. Hasil uji antibakteri menunjukkan bahwa dua isolat Rhizopussp. tersebut dapat menghambat Vibrio cholerae. dengan kemampuan penghambat kategori sedang dan tidak terdapat perbedaan aktivitas antibakteri Rhizopus sp. IP dan Rhizopus sp. IJ terhadap Vibrio cholerae

Genomic epidemiology of Vibrio cholerae reveals the regional and global spread of two epidemic non-toxigenic lineages

Non-toxigenic Vibrio cholerae isolates have been found associated with diarrheal disease globally, however, the global picture of non-toxigenic infections is largely unknown. Among non-toxigenic V. cholerae, ctxAB negative, tcpA positive (CNTP) isolates have the highest risk of disease. From 2001 to 2012, 71 infectious diarrhea cases were reported in Hangzhou, China, caused by CNTP serogroup O1 isolates. We sequenced 119 V. cholerae genomes isolated from patients, carriers and the environment in Hangzhou between 2001 and 2012, and compared them with 850 publicly available global isolates. We found that CNTP isolates from Hangzhou belonged to two distinctive lineages, named L3b and L9. Both lineages caused disease over a long time period with usually mild or moderate clinical symptoms. Within Hangzhou, the spread route of the L3b lineage was apparently from rural to urban areas, with aquatic food products being the most likely medium. Both lineages had been previously reported as causing local endemic disease in Latin America, but here we show that global spread of them has occurred, with the most likely origin of L3b lineage being in Central Asia. The L3b lineage has spread to China on at least three occasions. Other spread events, including from China to Thailand and to Latin America were also observed. We fill the missing links in the global spread of the two non-toxigenic serogroup O1 V. cholerae lineages that can cause human infection. The results are important for the design of future disease control strategies: surveillance of V. cholerae should not be limited to ctxAB positive strains

A broad spectrum protein glycosylation system influences type II protein secretion and associated phenotypes in Vibrio cholerae

Protein secretion plays a crucial role for bacterial pathogens, exemplified by facultative human-pathoge

Medium alkalization due to carbon metabolism is largely responsible for inhibition of bacterial growth by Vibrio cholerae supernatants

Vibrio cholerae is the causative agent of the diarrheal disease cholera. Many Vibrio species secrete antimicrobial factors, though the identity of such a factor has not been determined for any V. cholerae strain. Such an antimicrobial factor could be relevant to pathogenesis of cholera, which disrupts the intestinal microbiome. In this study, we investigated the antimicrobial effects of supernatant from 72 hour old cultures of V. cholerae C6706 on Shigella flexneri CFS100. Inhibition of S. flexneri growth was found to be dependent on the alkaline pH of the supernatant. A 1:1 mixture of pH-adjusted supernatant and LB was found to inhibit S. flexneri growth at alkaline but not neutral pH, as was pH-adjusted LB alone. In minimal medium, elevation of supernatant pH by V. cholerae was dependent on nutritional factors, and this elevation of medium pH also correlated with increased S. flexneri growth inhibition. Though medium alkalization in LB is often attributed to amino acid catabolism and the consequent production of ammonia, supplementation of V. cholerae cultures in minimal medium with amino acids had a weaker effect on alkalization and inhibition than did supplementation with selected carbon sources. This suggests that some feature of carbon metabolism causes medium alkalization and the resultant antimicrobial activity. Several V. cholerae mutants in potentially relevant pathways were screened for alkalization and S. flexneri growth inhibition, but none had any effect.Complicating this picture is the finding that V. cholerae grown under microaerobic conditions produce a less alkaline supernatant with stronger S. flexneri growth inhibition. The significance of this is unknown.Molecular Bioscience

c-di-GMP modulates type IV MSHA pilus retraction and surface attachment in Vibrio cholerae.

Biofilm formation by Vibrio cholerae facilitates environmental persistence, and hyperinfectivity within the host. Biofilm formation is regulated by 3',5'-cyclic diguanylate (c-di-GMP) and requires production of the type IV mannose-sensitive hemagglutinin (MSHA) pilus. Here, we show that the MSHA pilus is a dynamic extendable and retractable system, and its activity is directly controlled by c-di-GMP. The interaction between c-di-GMP and the ATPase MshE promotes pilus extension, whereas low levels of c-di-GMP correlate with enhanced retraction. Loss of retraction facilitated by the ATPase PilT increases near-surface roaming motility, and impairs initial surface attachment. However, prolonged retraction upon surface attachment results in reduced MSHA-mediated surface anchoring and increased levels of detachment. Our results indicate that c-di-GMP directly controls MshE activity, thus regulating MSHA pilus extension and retraction dynamics, and modulating V. cholerae surface attachment and colonization

Developement And Evaluation Of A Nasba System For The Diagnosis Of Cholera Using Elisa And Biosensor Methods

Taun (kolera) ialah penyakit ciri-birit yang disebabkan Vibrio cholerae. Cholera is a diarrheal disease caused by Vibrio cholerae. Cholera is potentially lethal if not diagnosed on time

Household fish preparation hygiene and cholera transmission in Monrovia, Liberia.

BACKGROUND: In the 1980s Vibrio cholerae was found to be an autochthonous resident of aquatic environments. As result, ingestion of undercooked, contaminated fish has been associated with cholera transmission. An alternative mechanism of transmission associated with fish was hypothesised by Schürmann et al. in 2002. He described a cholera case that was more likely to have been infected by contamination on the patient's hands rather than by ingestion of contaminated fish. METHODOLOGY: With fish being the main diet in Liberia, we decided to examine fish samples and preparation techniques in Monrovia. Excreta of 15 fish, caught in the estuarine waters of Monrovia, were analysed for V. cholerae. In addition, fish preparation methods were observed in 30 households. RESULTS: Two fish samples were found positive. Observations revealed that hygiene measures during the gutting process of fish were limited; although hands were usually rinsed, in all cases soap was not used. Furthermore, contaminated water was frequently reused during food preparation. CONCLUSIONS: Since the cooking process of fish (and thus elimination of bacteria) in Monrovia usually consists of both frying and boiling, it seems plausible that in this context, the hypothesis by Schürmann et al. could be applicable. Further research is necessary to confirm this association, which could be a starting point for more context-specific health education campaigns addressing food preparation hygiene as risk factor for cholera

Construction of shuttle vectors for cloning in Vibrio cholerae and Escherichia coli

Starting from a naturally occurring cryptic plasmid pVC540 of Vibrio cholerae non-OI. strain 1095, a number of plasmid vectors have been constructed for cloning genes inVibrio cholerae by introducing antibiotic resistance markers containing a set of unique cloning sites. The constructs pVC810 and pVE920 have the origins of both Vibrio cholerae and Escherichia coli replicons and are stable in both organisms in the absence of selective pressure. These plasmids can serve as shuttle vectors between Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholerae. The plasmid vectors reported here along with the demonstration of transformation in Vibrio cholerae by plasmid DNA will facilitate genetic analysis of this important human pathogen

Cochleates derived from Vibrio cholerae O1 proteoliposomes : The impact of structure transformation on mucosal immunisation

Cochleates are phospholipid-calcium precipitates derived from the interaction of anionic lipid vesicles with divalent cations. Proteoliposomes from bacteria may also be used as a source of negatively charged components, to induce calcium-cochleate formation. In this study, proteoliposomes from V. cholerae O1 (PLc) (sized 160.7±1.6 nm) were transformed into larger (16.3±4.6 µm) cochleate-like structures (named Adjuvant Finlay Cochleate 2, AFCo2) and evaluated by electron microscopy (EM). Measurements from transmission EM (TEM) showed the structures had a similar size to that previously reported using light microscopy, while observations from scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicated that the structures were multilayered and of cochleate-like formation. The edges of the AFCo2 structures appeared to have spaces that allowed penetration of negative stain or Ovalbumin labeled with Texas Red (OVA-TR) observed by epi-fluorescence microscopy. In addition, freeze fracture electron microscopy confirmed that the AFCo2 structures consisted of multiple overlapping layers, which corresponds to previous descriptions of cochleates. TEM also showed that small vesicles co-existed with the larger cochleate structures, and in vitro treatment with a calcium chelator caused the AFCo2 to unfold and reassemble into small proteoliposome-like structures. Using OVA as a model antigen, we demonstrated the potential loading capacity of a heterologous antigen and in vivo studies showed that with simple admixing and administration via intragastric and intranasal routes AFCo2 provided enhanced adjuvant properties compared with PLc