Developing a Typology of Human Rights Records

What makes a record a human rights record ? What types of records fall under this umbrella term? How and why might we develop a typology of such records? What is at stake—ethically, theoretically, and practically—in the ways in which and the reasons why we define and classify records as such? This article seeks to answer these questions by delineating a typology of human rights records. First, this article will provide a literature review exploring the history of conceptions of human rights records in archival studies, as well as the ongoing discussion in information studies more broadly about the politics of the organization of information. Next, this paper will outline the chosen methodology of conceptual analysis and describe the ways such methodology will be employed to de/construct the term “human rights record.” This paper will then provide a typology of human rights records, positing that such records can be examined according to five interlocking vectors: who created them, why, and when, where they are currently stewarded, and how they are being put to use. This paper will then analyze two keys examples of human rights records using the proposed typology. Finally, this paper will conclude by examining the ethical, political, and professional implications of the proposed typology and suggest ways in which this rubric can be used in the future

Information representation in Displaced Archives: a meta-synthesis

The phenomenon of displaced archives emerges in the scientific literature as a kind of wicked problem. In addition to the conceptual diversity associated with this phenomenon present in the scientific literature from various fields (e.g., removed archives, migrated archives, seized archives, alienated archives, captured archives, diasporic archives, expatriated/repatriated archives, estray archival, disputed archival claims, replevin, etc.), there is a tendency in the scientific community to adopt the concept of displaced archives as a possible hypernym. The most recent definition of displaced archive is found in the report issued by the International Council on Archives through the Expert Group on Shared Archival Heritage, understood as "archives removed from the place of their creation, where the ownership of the archives is disputed by two or more parties" (Lowry 2020, 5). Nevertheless, one of the problems that makes this phenomenon a particular case is whether we can identify archives that are in the condition of displaced without there necessarily having to be claimant party(ies) for that purpose. Although the most recurrent focus in addressing this phenomenon has been around the problems of restitution, repatriation, return or relocation, the identification and, more incisively, the representation of these documentary sets have remained obscured in scientific discourse. According to Winn (2015), one of the limiting factors in the identification of displaced archives consists, among others, in the inexistence of information access tools. For Lowry, "the catalogue is the key" (2017a, 8), not only as an instrument of access to information where the processes of organization and description are materialized with a view to its retrieval and access, but also as a mechanism of information representation that derives from the powers of archival mediation. Studies on information representation suggest that, in the postmodern archival stream, it is not possible to ensure neutrality or impartiality in the representation of the content and structure of a fonds (MacNeil 2012) in finding aids. Such archival descriptions are supported by interpretative approaches that depend on the description and access policies adopted by custodians, which are not unrelated to the political, historical, socio-cultural, and institutional contexts of the environment where they were produced. Considering that the finding aids can be genologically diverse (e.g., catalogues, inventories, guides, scripts, directories, indexes and databases), it is considered more productive to focus on the representation of archival information, from the perspective of how a "fluid, evolving, and socially constructed practice" (Yakel 2003, 2) is constituted as "the core of archival description produced to facilitate access to archival materials in the background of their creation and custodial history" (Zhang 2012, 49). Considering that some of the studies on archival information representation have been problematized with greater incidence, although incipient, in Knowledge Organization and Information Science (Barros and Sousa 2020; Aguiar and Kobashi 2013; Tognoli 2013; Vital, Medeiros, and Brascher 2017; Corujo and Freitas 2021; Tognoli and Guimarães 2011; 2012; Troitiño Rodriguez 2018; Hjørland 2002), these studies have largely confined themselves to material and technical processes, physical (u. g., arrangement) and intellectual (u. g., classification and description), of concepts that conform to the bureaucratic dimension of the producers and/or custodial entities. In what concerns the displaced archives, the phenomenon itself challenges the core concepts of Archival Science, especially how these disputed documentary sets are represented from the point of view of provenance, integrity, organicity and how these representations are (re)constructed or destroyed in the process of archival mediation. Based on these aspects, and given the scarcity of studies on this topic, this article focuses on how the representation of information about archives removed from their original social and territorial contexts has been addressed in the scientific literature. Thus, we intend to conduct a survey of scientific literature that informs about the trajectory of the information representation process from the removal process to the claim by the dispossessed communities that can be theoretically relevant to the scope of Knowledge Organization. Thus, based on the above, it justifies performing a synthesis of knowledge from scientific literature called meta-synthesis (Sandelowski and Barroso 2010; Grant and Booth 2009; Finfgeld-Connett 2018). Thus, this article is structured as follows: section 2.0 formulates the starting question and research objectives; section 3.0 outlines the methodological assumptions for this type of qualitative literature synthesis; section 4.0 presents the results of the empirical investigation; section 5.0 makes concluding remarks around limitations and implications, as well as future lines of research.info:eu-repo/semantics/submittedVersio

Desenvolvendo uma tipologia de documentos relacionados aos direitos humanos

What makes a record a "human rights record"? What types of records fall under this umbrella term? How and why might we develop a typology of such records? What is at stake””ethically, theoretically, and practically””in the ways in which and the reasons why we define and classify records as such? This article seeks to answer these questions by delineating a typology of human rights records. First, this article will provide a literature review exploring the history of conceptions of human rights records in archival studies, as well as the ongoing discussion in information studies more broadly about the politics of the organization of information. Next, this paper will outline the chosen methodology of conceptual analysis and describe the ways such methodology will be employed to de/construct the term “human rights record.” This paper will then provide a typology of human rights records, positing that such records can be examined according to five interlocking  vectors: who created them, why, and when, where they are currently stewarded, and how they are being put to use. This paper will then analyze two keys examples of human rights records using the proposed typology. Finally, this paper will conclude by examining the ethical, political, and professional implications of the proposed typology and suggest ways in which this rubric can be used  in the future.¿Qué hace que un archivo sea un "archivo de derechos humanos"? ¿Qué tipos de archivos entran en este término general? ¿Cómo y por qué podríamos desarrollar una tipología de tales archivos? ¿Qué está en juego, ética, teórica y practicamente en que formas y los motivos por los cuales definimos y clasificamos los archivos como tales? Este artículo busca responder a estas preguntas delineando una tipología de archivos de derechos humanos. Primero, este artículo proporcionará una revisión de la literatura que explora la historia de las concepciones de los archivos de derechos humanos en los estudios de archivo, así como la discusión en curso en los estudios de información sobre la política de la organización de la información. A continuación, este documento describirá la metodología elegida para el análisis conceptual y describirá las formas en que se empleará dicha metodología para desarrollar / construir el término "archivo de derechos humanos". Este documento proporcionará una tipología de archivos de derechos humanos, postulando que dichos archivos deven ser examinados de acuerdo con cinco vectores entrelazados: quién los creó, por qué y cuándo, dónde están administrados actualmente y cómo se están poniendo en uso. Este documento analizará dos ejemplos clave de archivos de derechos humanos utilizando la tipología propuesta. Finalmente, este documento concluirá examinando las implicaciones éticas, políticas y profesionales de la tipología propuesta y sugerirá formas en que esta rúbrica se puede usar en el futuro.O que torna um documento de arquivo um "documento de direitos humanos"? Quais tipos de documentos se enquadram nesse termo genérico? Como e por que podemos desenvolver uma tipologia desses documentos? O que está em jogo ”“ eticamente, teoricamente e na prática ”“ quanto às formas e razões pelas quais definimos e classificamos documentos como tal? Este artigo procura responder a essas questões delineando uma proposta de tipologia de documentos de direitos humanos, apresenta revisão de literatura que explora a história das definições de documentos de direitos humanos em estudos arquivísticos, bem como a discussão atual mais ampla na Ciência da Informação sobre as políticas de organização da informação. Em seguida, delineia a metodologia para a análise conceitual descrevendo as formas pelas quais essa metodologia será empregada para construir a categoria “documento de direitos humanos”. Conclui com uma proposta de tipologia dos documentos de direitos humanos, postulando que tais documentos de arquivo podem ser examinados de acordo com cinco vetores interligados: quem os criou, por que e quando; onde estão atualmente custodiados e como estão sendo usados, com base na análise de dois exemplos importantes de documentos que retratam eventos de violações de direitos humanos usando a tipologia proposta. Finalmente, tece considerações sobre as implicações éticas, políticas e profissionais da tipologia proposta sugerindo formas de utilização dessa proposta no futuro

Finding blind spots:Investigating identity data matching in transnational commercialized security infrastructures and beyond

This dissertation analyzes the interconnections between data matching technologies, identification practices, and transnational commercialized security infrastructures, particularly in relation to migration management and border control. The research was motivated by a curiosity about the intersection between identity data matching and the challenges authorities encounter when identifying individuals, especially the “blind spots” caused by incomplete data, aliases, and uncertainties. The dissertation addresses the following main research question: “How are practices and technologies for matching identity data in migration management and border control shaping and shaped by transnational commercialized security infrastructures?”The dissertation begins by presenting an overview of the literature regarding the connections between data matching technology, which is used across various sectors, and its interrelationships with the internationalization, commercialization, securitization, and infrastructuring of identification infrastructure. This overview highlights a noticeable gap in the understanding of how data matching influences the meaning of the interconnected data and shapes relationships between organizations that use it. To address this gap, Chapter 3 proposes a methodological framework for using data matching as both a research topic and a resource for answering specific sub-questions related to specific aspects of data matching.Chapter 4 emphasizes the significance of data models in information systems for categorizing individuals and establishing connections between different data models for accurate matching. The analysis of this aspect of data matching is made possible by introducing the “Ontology Explorer”, which serves as a novel method for examining the knowledge and assumptions embedded within data models. By applying this method to analyze national and transnational data infrastructures for population management, this method is shown to reveal authorities’ imaginaries on people-on-the-move. In this way, the method demonstrates the importance of data categories in data models, as they are crucial for data matching while also offering valuable insights into how authorities enact people in different ways.Following that, the dissertation investigates how identity data matching is employed to re-identify applicants within a government migration and asylum agency in The Netherlands. Chapter 5 introduces the concept of re-identification, which involves the ongoing utilization and integration of data from various sources to establish whether multiple sets of identity data pertain to a single individual. This chapter uses insights gathered from interviews with personnel from the agency to investigate the integration of data matching tools for re-identification. The chapter shows that striving to minimize data friction in re-identification through data matching can have unintended consequences and additional burdens for the agency’s personnel.Lastly, this dissertation examines the evolution of a commercial data matching system employed for identification and security, adopting a sociotechnical approach. Chapter 6 introduces heuristics that are then used to identify moments that emphasize the design contingencies of the data matching system. Through the examination of fieldwork data collected from the company that created the system, the chapter highlights the reciprocal influences between the system’s design and the actors and entities involved. The system experienced adaptive and contingent changes from a generic data matching system to a specialized tool for identification and security because of such influences. In a broader sense, the chapter brings attention to the interrelationships among software suppliers, integrators, and customers, and the circulation and use of knowledge and technology for matching identity data across organizations