Using Unsupervised Deep Learning Technique for Monocular Visual Odometry

Deep learning technique-based visual odometry systems have recently shown promising results compared to feature matching-based methods. However, deep learning-based systems still require the ground truth poses for training and the additional knowledge to obtain absolute scale from monocular images for reconstruction. To address these issues, this paper presents a novel visual odometry system based on a recurrent convolutional neural network. The system employs an unsupervised end-to-end training approach. The depth information of scenes is used alongside monocular images to train the network in order to inject scale. Poses are inferred only from monocular images, thus making the proposed visual odometry system a monocular one. The experiments are conducted and the results show that the proposed method performs better than other monocular visual odometry systems. This paper has made two main contributions: 1) the creation of the unsupervised training framework in which the camera ground truth poses are only deployed for system performance evaluation rather than for training and 2) the absolute scale could be recovered without the post-processing of poses

GANVO: Unsupervised Deep Monocular Visual Odometry and Depth Estimation with Generative Adversarial Networks

In the last decade, supervised deep learning approaches have been extensively employed in visual odometry (VO) applications, which is not feasible in environments where labelled data is not abundant. On the other hand, unsupervised deep learning approaches for localization and mapping in unknown environments from unlabelled data have received comparatively less attention in VO research. In this study, we propose a generative unsupervised learning framework that predicts 6-DoF pose camera motion and monocular depth map of the scene from unlabelled RGB image sequences, using deep convolutional Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs). We create a supervisory signal by warping view sequences and assigning the re-projection minimization to the objective loss function that is adopted in multi-view pose estimation and single-view depth generation network. Detailed quantitative and qualitative evaluations of the proposed framework on the KITTI and Cityscapes datasets show that the proposed method outperforms both existing traditional and unsupervised deep VO methods providing better results for both pose estimation and depth recovery.Comment: ICRA 2019 - accepte

Depth Prediction Without the Sensors: Leveraging Structure for Unsupervised Learning from Monocular Videos

Learning to predict scene depth from RGB inputs is a challenging task both for indoor and outdoor robot navigation. In this work we address unsupervised learning of scene depth and robot ego-motion where supervision is provided by monocular videos, as cameras are the cheapest, least restrictive and most ubiquitous sensor for robotics. Previous work in unsupervised image-to-depth learning has established strong baselines in the domain. We propose a novel approach which produces higher quality results, is able to model moving objects and is shown to transfer across data domains, e.g. from outdoors to indoor scenes. The main idea is to introduce geometric structure in the learning process, by modeling the scene and the individual objects; camera ego-motion and object motions are learned from monocular videos as input. Furthermore an online refinement method is introduced to adapt learning on the fly to unknown domains. The proposed approach outperforms all state-of-the-art approaches, including those that handle motion e.g. through learned flow. Our results are comparable in quality to the ones which used stereo as supervision and significantly improve depth prediction on scenes and datasets which contain a lot of object motion. The approach is of practical relevance, as it allows transfer across environments, by transferring models trained on data collected for robot navigation in urban scenes to indoor navigation settings. The code associated with this paper can be found at https://sites.google.com/view/struct2depth.Comment: Thirty-Third AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI'19

딥러닝에 기초한 효과적인 Visual Odometry 개선 방법

학위논문 (박사) -- 서울대학교 대학원 : 공과대학 전기·정보공학부, 2020. 8. 이범희.Understanding the three-dimensional environment is one of the most important issues in robotics and computer vision. For this purpose, sensors such as a lidar, a ultrasound, infrared devices, an inertial measurement unit (IMU) and cameras are used, individually or simultaneously, through sensor fusion. Among these sensors, in recent years, researches for use of visual sensors, which can obtain a lot of information at a low price, have been actively underway. Understanding of the 3D environment using cameras includes depth restoration, optical/scene flow estimation, and visual odometry (VO). Among them, VO estimates location of a camera and maps the surrounding environment, while a camera-equipped robot or person travels. This technology must be preceded by other tasks such as path planning and collision avoidance. Also, it can be applied to practical applications such as autonomous driving, augmented reality (AR), unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) control, and 3D modeling. So far, researches on various VO algorithms have been proposed. Initial VO researches were conducted by filtering poses of robot and map features. Because of the disadvantage of the amount of computation being too large and errors are accumulated, a method using a keyframe was studied. Traditional VO can be divided into a feature-based method and a direct method. Methods using features obtain pose transformation between two images through feature extraction and matching. Direct methods directly compare the intensity of image pixels to obtain poses that minimize the sum of photometric errors. Recently, due to the development of deep learning skills, many studies have been conducted to apply deep learning to VO. Deep learning-based VO, like other fields using deep learning with images, first extracts convolutional neural network (CNN) features and calculates pose transformation between images. Deep learning-based VO can be divided into supervised learning-based and unsupervised learning-based. For VO, using supervised learning, a neural network is trained using ground truth poses, and the unsupervised learning-based method learns poses using only image sequences without given ground truth values. While existing research papers show decent performance, the image datasets used in these studies are all composed of high quality and clear images obtained using expensive cameras. There are also algorithms that can be operated only if non-image information such as exposure time, nonlinear response functions, and camera parameters is provided. In order for VO to be more widely applied to real-world application problems, odometry estimation should be performed even if the datasets are incomplete. Therefore, in this dissertation, two methods are proposed to improve VO performance using deep learning. First, I adopt a super-resolution (SR) technique to improve the performance of VO using images with low-resolution and noises. The existing SR techniques have mainly focused on increasing image resolution rather than execution time. However, a real-time property is very important for VO. Therefore, the SR network should be designed considering the execution time, resolution increment, and noise reduction in this case. Conducting a VO after passing through this SR network, a higher performance VO can be carried out, than using original images. Experimental results using the TUM dataset show that the proposed method outperforms the conventional VO and other SR methods. Second, I propose a fully unsupervised learning-based VO that performs odometry estimation, single-view depth estimation, and camera intrinsic parameter estimation simultaneously using a dataset consisting only of image sequences. In the existing unsupervised learning-based VO, algorithms were performed using the images and intrinsic parameters of the camera. Based on existing the technique, I propose a method for additionally estimating camera parameters from the deep intrinsic network. Intrinsic parameters are estimated by two assumptions using the properties of camera parameters in an intrinsic network. Experiments using the KITTI dataset show that the results are comparable to those of the conventional method.3차원 환경에 대한 이해는 로보틱스와 컴퓨터 비전 분야에서 굉장히 중요한 문제 중 하나이다. 이를 위해 라이다, 초음파, 적외선, inertial measurement unit (IMU), 카메라 등의 센서가 개별적으로 또는 센서 융합을 통해 여러 센서가 동시에 사용되기도 한다. 이 중에서도 최근에는 상대적으로 저렴한 가격에 많은 정보를 얻을 수 있는 카메라를 이용한 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 카메라를 이용한 3차원 환경 인지는 깊이 복원, optical/scene flow 추정, visual odometry (VO) 등이 있다. 이 중 VO는 카메라를 장착한 로봇 혹은 사람이 이동하며 자신의 위치를 파악하고 주변 환경의 지도를 작성하는 기술이다. 이 기술은 경로 설정, 충돌 회피 등 다른 임무를 수행하기 전에 필수적으로 선행되어야 하며 자율 주행, AR, UAV contron, 3D modelling 등 실제 응용 문제에 적용될 수 있다. 현재 다양한 VO 알고리즘에 대한 논문이 제안되었다. 초기 VO 연구는 feature를 이용하여 feature와 로봇의 pose를 필터링 하는 방식으로 진행되었다. 필터를 이용한 방법은 계산량이 너무 많고 오차가 누적된다는 단점 때문에 keyframe을 이용하는 방법이 연구되었다. 이 방식으로 feature를 이용하는 방식과 픽셀의 intensity를 직접 사용하는 direct 방식이 연구되었다. feature를 이용하는 방법들은 feature의 추출과 매칭을 이용하여 두 이미지 사이의 pose 변화를 구하며 direct 방법들은 이미지 픽셀의 intensity를 직접 비교하여 photometric error를 최소화 시키는 pose를 구하는 방식이다. 최근에는 deep learning 알고리즘의 발달로 인해 VO에도 deep learning을 적용시키는 연구가 많이 진행되고 있다. Deep learning-based VO는 이미지를 이용한 다른 분야와 같이 기본적으로 CNN을 이용하여 feature를 추출한 뒤 이미지 사이의 pose 변화를 계산한다. 이는 다시 supervised learning을 이용한 방식과 unsupervised learning을 이용한 방법으로 나눌 수 있다. supervised learning을 이용한 VO는 pose의 참값을 사용하여 학습을 시키며, unsupervised learning을 이용하는 방법은 주어지는 참값 없이 이미지의 정보만을 이용하여 pose를 학습시키는 방식이다. 기존 VO 논문들은 좋은 성능을 보였지만 연구에 사용된 이미지 dataset들은 모두 고가의 카메라를 이용하여 얻어진 고화질의 선명한 이미지들로 구성되어 있다. 또한 노출 시간, 비선형 반응 함수, 카메라 파라미터 등의 이미지 외적인 정보를 이용해야만 알고리즘의 동작이 가능하다. VO가 실제 응용 문제에 더 널리 적용되기 위해서는 dataset이 불완전할 경우에도 odometry 추정이 잘 이루어져야 한다. 이에 본 논문에서는 deep learning을 이용하여 VO의 성능을 높이는 두 가지 방법을 제안하였다. 첫 번째로는 super-resolution (SR) 기법으로 저해상도, 노이즈가 포함된 이미지를 이용한 VO의 성능을 높이는 방법을 제안한다. 기존의 SR 기법은 수행 시간보다는 이미지의 해상도를 향상시키는 방법에 주로 집중하였다. 하지만 VO 수행에 있어서는 실시간성이 굉장히 중요하다. 따라서 수행 시간을 고려한 SR 네트워크의 설계하여 이미지의 해상도를 높이고 노이즈를 줄였다. 이 SR 네트워크를 통과시킨 뒤 VO를 수행하면 기존의 이미지를 사용할 때보다 높은 성능의 VO를 실시간으로 수행할 수 있다. TUM dataset을 이용한 실험 결과 기존의 VO 기법과 다른 SR 기법을 적용하였을 때 보다 제안하는 방법의 성능이 더 높은 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 두 번째로는 연속된 이미지만으로 구성된 dataset을 이용하여 VO, 단일 이미지 깊이 추정, 카메라 내부 파라미터 추정을 수행하는 fully unsupervised learning-based VO를 제안한다. 기존 unsupervised learning을 이용한 VO에서는 이미지들과 이미지를 촬영한 카메라의 내부 파라미터를 이용하여 VO를 수행하였다. 이 기술을 기반으로 본 논문에서는 deep intrinsic 네트워크를 추가하여 카메라 파라미터까지 네트워크에서 추정하는 방법을 제안한다. 0으로 수렴하거나 쉽게 발산하는 intrinsic 네트워크에 카메라 파라미터의 성질을 이용한 두 가지 가정을 통해 내부 파라미터를 추정할 수 있었다. KITTI dataset을 이용한 실험을 통해 intrinsic parameter 정보를 제공받아 진행된 기존의 방법과 유사한 성능을 확인할 수 있었다.1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background and Motivation 1 1.2 Literature Review 3 1.3 Contributions 10 1.4 Thesis Structure 11 2 Mathematical Preliminaries of Visual Odometry 13 2.1 Feature-based VO 13 2.2 Direct VO 17 2.3 Learning-based VO 21 2.3.1 Supervised learning-based VO 22 2.3.2 Unsupervised learning-based VO 25 3 Error Improvement in Visual Odometry Using Super-resolution 29 3.1 Introduction 29 3.2 Related Work 31 3.2.1 Visual Odometry 31 3.2.2 Super-resolution 33 3.3 SR-VO 34 3.3.1 VO performance analysis according to changing resolution 34 3.3.2 Super-Resolution Network 37 3.4 Experiments 40 3.4.1 Super-Resolution Procedure 40 3.4.2 VO with SR images 42 3.5 Summary 54 4 Visual Odometry Enhancement Method Using Fully Unsupervised Learning 55 4.1 Introduction 55 4.2 Related Work 57 4.2.1 Traditional Visual Odometry 57 4.2.2 Single-view Depth Recovery 58 4.2.3 Supervised Learning-based Visual Odometry 59 4.2.4 Unsupervised Learning-based Visual Odometry 60 4.2.5 Architecture Overview 62 4.3 Methods 62 4.3.1 Predicting the Target Image using Source Images 62 4.3.2 Intrinsic Parameters Regressor 63 4.4 Experiments 66 4.4.1 Monocular Depth Estimation 66 4.4.2 Visual Odometry 67 4.4.3 Intrinsic Parameters Estimation 77 5 Conclusion and Future Work 82 5.1 Conclusion 82 5.2 Future Work 85 Bibliography 86 Abstract (In Korean) 101Docto

Monocular Visual Inertial Odometry using Learning-based Methods

Precise pose information is a fundamental prerequisite for numerous applications in robotics, Artificial Intelligent and mobile computing. Many well-developed algorithms have been established using a single sensor or multiple sensors. Visual Inertial Odometry (VIO) uses images and inertial measurements to estimate the motion and is considered a key technology for GPS-denied localization in the real world and also virtual reality and augmented reality. This study develops three novel learning-based approaches to Odometry estimation using a monocular camera and inertial measurement unit. The networks are well-trained on standard datasets, KITTI and EuROC, and a custom dataset using supervised, unsupervised and semi-supervised training methods. Compared to traditional methods, the deep-learning methods presented here do not require precise manual synchronization of the camera and IMU or explicit camera calibration. To the best of our knowledge, the proposed supervised method is a novel end-to-end trainable Visual-Inertial Odometry method with an IMU pre-integration module,that simplifies the network architecture and reduces the computation cost. Meanwhile, the unsupervised Visual-Inertial Odometry method shows its novelty in achieving outstanding accuracy in Odometry estimation while training with monocular images and inertial measurements only. Last but not least, the semi-supervised method is the first VisualInertial Odometry approach that uses a semi-supervised training technique in the literature, allowing the network to learn from both labeled and unlabeled datasets. Through our qualitative and quantitative experimentation on a wide range of datasets, we conclude that the proposed methods can be used to obtain accurate visual localization information to a wide variety of consumer devices and robotic platforms

Pose Graph Optimization for Unsupervised Monocular Visual Odometry

Unsupervised Learning based monocular visual odometry (VO) has lately drawn significant attention for its potential in label-free leaning ability and robustness to camera parameters and environmental variations. However, partially due to the lack of drift correction technique, these methods are still by far less accurate than geometric approaches for large-scale odometry estimation. In this paper, we propose to leverage graph optimization and loop closure detection to overcome limitations of unsupervised learning based monocular visual odometry. To this end, we propose a hybrid VO system which combines an unsupervised monocular VO called NeuralBundler with a pose graph optimization back-end. NeuralBundler is a neural network architecture that uses temporal and spatial photometric loss as main supervision and generates a windowed pose graph consists of multi-view 6DoF constraints. We propose a novel pose cycle consistency loss to relieve the tensions in the windowed pose graph, leading to improved performance and robustness. In the back-end, a global pose graph is built from local and loop 6DoF constraints estimated by NeuralBundler and is optimized over SE(3). Empirical evaluation on the KITTI odometry dataset demonstrates that 1) NeuralBundler achieves state-of-the-art performance on unsupervised monocular VO estimation, and 2) our whole approach can achieve efficient loop closing and show favorable overall translational accuracy compared to established monocular SLAM systems.Comment: Accepted to ICRA'201

Sparse-to-Dense: Depth Prediction from Sparse Depth Samples and a Single Image

We consider the problem of dense depth prediction from a sparse set of depth measurements and a single RGB image. Since depth estimation from monocular images alone is inherently ambiguous and unreliable, to attain a higher level of robustness and accuracy, we introduce additional sparse depth samples, which are either acquired with a low-resolution depth sensor or computed via visual Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) algorithms. We propose the use of a single deep regression network to learn directly from the RGB-D raw data, and explore the impact of number of depth samples on prediction accuracy. Our experiments show that, compared to using only RGB images, the addition of 100 spatially random depth samples reduces the prediction root-mean-square error by 50% on the NYU-Depth-v2 indoor dataset. It also boosts the percentage of reliable prediction from 59% to 92% on the KITTI dataset. We demonstrate two applications of the proposed algorithm: a plug-in module in SLAM to convert sparse maps to dense maps, and super-resolution for LiDARs. Software and video demonstration are publicly available.Comment: accepted to ICRA 2018. 8 pages, 8 figures, 3 tables. Video at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vNIIT_M7x7Y. Code at https://github.com/fangchangma/sparse-to-dens