556 research outputs found
Unmasking the imposters: towards improving the generalisation of deep learning methods for face presentation attack detection.
Identity theft has had a detrimental impact on the reliability of face recognition, which has been extensively employed in security applications. The most prevalent are presentation attacks. By using a photo, video, or mask of an authorized user, attackers can bypass face recognition systems. Fake presentation attacks are detected by the camera sensors of face recognition systems using face presentation attack detection. Presentation attacks can be detected using convolutional neural networks, commonly used in computer vision applications. An in-depth analysis of current deep learning methods is used in this research to examine various aspects of detecting face presentation attacks. A number of new techniques are implemented and evaluated in this study, including pre-trained models, manual feature extraction, and data aggregation. The thesis explores the effectiveness of various machine learning and deep learning models in improving detection performance by using publicly available datasets with different dataset partitions than those specified in the official dataset protocol. Furthermore, the research investigates how deep models and data aggregation can be used to detect face presentation attacks, as well as a novel approach that combines manual features with deep features in order to improve detection accuracy. Moreover, task-specific features are also extracted using pre-trained deep models to enhance the performance of detection and generalisation further. This problem is motivated by the need to achieve generalization against new and rapidly evolving attack variants. It is possible to extract identifiable features from presentation attack variants in order to detect them. However, new methods are needed to deal with emerging attacks and improve the generalization capability. This thesis examines the necessary measures to detect face presentation attacks in a more robust and generalised manner
Deep Learning for Face Anti-Spoofing: A Survey
Face anti-spoofing (FAS) has lately attracted increasing attention due to its
vital role in securing face recognition systems from presentation attacks
(PAs). As more and more realistic PAs with novel types spring up, traditional
FAS methods based on handcrafted features become unreliable due to their
limited representation capacity. With the emergence of large-scale academic
datasets in the recent decade, deep learning based FAS achieves remarkable
performance and dominates this area. However, existing reviews in this field
mainly focus on the handcrafted features, which are outdated and uninspiring
for the progress of FAS community. In this paper, to stimulate future research,
we present the first comprehensive review of recent advances in deep learning
based FAS. It covers several novel and insightful components: 1) besides
supervision with binary label (e.g., '0' for bonafide vs. '1' for PAs), we also
investigate recent methods with pixel-wise supervision (e.g., pseudo depth
map); 2) in addition to traditional intra-dataset evaluation, we collect and
analyze the latest methods specially designed for domain generalization and
open-set FAS; and 3) besides commercial RGB camera, we summarize the deep
learning applications under multi-modal (e.g., depth and infrared) or
specialized (e.g., light field and flash) sensors. We conclude this survey by
emphasizing current open issues and highlighting potential prospects.Comment: IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
(TPAMI
Fusion-based Few-Shot Morphing Attack Detection and Fingerprinting
The vulnerability of face recognition systems to morphing attacks has posed a
serious security threat due to the wide adoption of face biometrics in the real
world. Most existing morphing attack detection (MAD) methods require a large
amount of training data and have only been tested on a few predefined attack
models. The lack of good generalization properties, especially in view of the
growing interest in developing novel morphing attacks, is a critical limitation
with existing MAD research. To address this issue, we propose to extend MAD
from supervised learning to few-shot learning and from binary detection to
multiclass fingerprinting in this paper. Our technical contributions include:
1) We propose a fusion-based few-shot learning (FSL) method to learn
discriminative features that can generalize to unseen morphing attack types
from predefined presentation attacks; 2) The proposed FSL based on the fusion
of the PRNU model and Noiseprint network is extended from binary MAD to
multiclass morphing attack fingerprinting (MAF). 3) We have collected a
large-scale database, which contains five face datasets and eight different
morphing algorithms, to benchmark the proposed few-shot MAF (FS-MAF) method.
Extensive experimental results show the outstanding performance of our
fusion-based FS-MAF. The code and data will be publicly available at
https://github.com/nz0001na/mad maf
Enhanced Deep Learning Architectures for Face Liveness Detection for Static and Video Sequences
Face liveness detection is a critical preprocessing step in face recognition for avoiding face spoofing attacks, where an impostor can impersonate a valid user for authentication. While considerable research has been recently done in improving the accuracy of face liveness detection, the best current approaches use a two-step process of first applying non-linear anisotropic diffusion to the incoming image and then using a deep network for final liveness decision. Such an approach is not viable for real-time face liveness detection. We develop two end-to-end real-time solutions where nonlinear anisotropic diffusion based on an additive operator splitting scheme is first applied to an incoming static image, which enhances the edges and surface texture, and preserves the boundary locations in the real image. The diffused image is then forwarded to a pre-trained Specialized Convolutional Neural Network (SCNN) and the Inception network version 4, which identify the complex and deep features for face liveness classification. We evaluate the performance of our integrated approach using the SCNN and Inception v4 on the Replay-Attack dataset and Replay-Mobile dataset. The entire architecture is created in such a manner that, once trained, the face liveness detection can be accomplished in real-time. We achieve promising results of 96.03% and 96.21% face liveness detection accuracy with the SCNN, and 94.77% and 95.53% accuracy with the Inception v4, on the Replay-Attack, and Replay-Mobile datasets, respectively. We also develop a novel deep architecture for face liveness detection on video frames that uses the diffusion of images followed by a deep Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) to classify the video sequence as real or fake. Even though the use of CNN followed by LSTM is not new, combining it with diffusion (that has proven to be the best approach for single image liveness detection) is novel. Performance evaluation of our architecture on the REPLAY-ATTACK dataset gave 98.71% test accuracy and 2.77% Half Total Error Rate (HTER), and on the REPLAY-MOBILE dataset gave 95.41% accuracy and 5.28% HTER.https://doi.org/10.3390/e2210118
Object Detection and Classification in the Visible and Infrared Spectrums
The over-arching theme of this dissertation is the development of automated detection and/or classification systems for challenging infrared scenarios. The six works presented herein can be categorized into four problem scenarios. In the first scenario, long-distance detection and classification of vehicles in thermal imagery, a custom convolutional network architecture is proposed for small thermal target detection. For the second scenario, thermal face landmark detection and thermal cross-spectral face verification, a publicly-available visible and thermal face dataset is introduced, along with benchmark results for several landmark detection and face verification algorithms. Furthermore, a novel visible-to-thermal transfer learning algorithm for face landmark detection is presented. The third scenario addresses near-infrared cross-spectral periocular recognition with a coupled conditional generative adversarial network guided by auxiliary synthetic loss functions. Finally, a deep sparse feature selection and fusion is proposed to detect the presence of textured contact lenses prior to near-infrared iris recognition
Enhanced Deep Learning Architectures for Face Liveness Detection for Static and Video Sequences
The major contribution of this research is the development of deep architectures
for face liveness detection on a static image as well as video sequences that use a
combination of texture analysis and deep Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) to
classify the captured image or video as real or fake. Face recognition is a popular and
efficient form of biometric authentication used in many software applications. One
drawback of this technique is that, it is prone to face spoofing attacks, where an
impostor can gain access to the system by presenting a photograph or recorded video of
a valid user to the sensor. Thus, face liveness detection is a critical preprocessing step in face recognition authentication systems. The first part of our research was on face
liveness detection on a static image, where we applied nonlinear diffusion based on an
additive operator splitting scheme and a tri-diagonal matrix block-solver algorithm to
the image, which enhances the edges and surface texture in the real image. The diffused image was then fed to a deep CNN to identify the complex and deep features for
classification. We obtained high accuracy on the NUAA Photograph Impostor dataset
using one of our enhanced architectures. In the second part of our research, we
developed an end-to-end real-time solution for face liveness detection on static images,
where instead of using a separate preprocessing step for diffusing the images, we used a combined architecture where the diffusion process and CNN were implemented in a
single step. This integrated approach gave promising results with two different
architectures, on the Replay-Attack and Replay-Mobile datasets. We also developed a
novel deep architecture for face liveness detection on video frames that uses the
diffusion of images followed by a deep CNN and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) to
classify the video sequence as real or fake. Performance evaluation of our architecture
on the Replay-Attack and Replay-Mobile datasets gave very competitive results. We
performed liveness detection on video sequences using diffusion and the Two-Stream
Inflated 3D ConvNet (I3D) architecture, and our experiments on the Replay-Attack and
Replay-Mobile datasets gave very good results
Face liveness detection by rPPG features and contextual patch-based CNN
Abstract. Face anti-spoofing plays a vital role in security systems including face payment systems and face recognition systems. Previous studies showed that live faces and presentation attacks have significant differences in both remote photoplethysmography (rPPG) and texture information. We propose a generalized method exploiting both rPPG and texture features for face anti-spoofing task. First, we design multi-scale long-term statistical spectral (MS-LTSS) features with variant granularities for the representation of rPPG information. Second, a contextual patch-based convolutional neural network (CP-CNN) is used for extracting global-local and multi-level deep texture features simultaneously. Finally, weight summation strategy is employed for decision level fusion of the two types of features, which allow the proposed system to be generalized for detecting not only print attack and replay attack, but also mask attack. Comprehensive experiments were conducted on five databases, namely 3DMAD, HKBU-Mars V1, MSU-MFSD, CASIA-FASD, and OULU-NPU, to show the superior results of the proposed method compared with state-of-the-art methods.Tiivistelmä. Kasvojen anti-spoofingilla on keskeinen rooli turvajärjestelmissä, mukaan lukien kasvojen maksujärjestelmät ja kasvojentunnistusjärjestelmät. Aiemmat tutkimukset osoittivat, että elävillä kasvoilla ja esityshyökkäyksillä on merkittäviä eroja sekä etävalopölymografiassa (rPPG) että tekstuuri-informaatiossa, ehdotamme yleistettyä menetelmää, jossa hyödynnetään sekä rPPG: tä että tekstuuriominaisuuksia kasvojen anti-spoofing -tehtävässä. Ensinnäkin rPPG-informaation esittämiseksi on suunniteltu monivaiheisia pitkän aikavälin tilastollisia spektrisiä (MS-LTSS) ominaisuuksia, joissa on muunneltavissa olevat granulariteetit. Toiseksi, kontekstuaalista patch-pohjaista konvoluutioverkkoa (CP-CNN) käytetään globaalin paikallisen ja monitasoisen syvään tekstuuriominaisuuksiin samanaikaisesti. Lopuksi, painoarvostusstrategiaa käytetään päätöksentekotason fuusioon, joka auttaa yleistämään menetelmää paitsi hyökkäys- ja toistoiskuille, mutta myös peittää hyökkäyksen. Kattavat kokeet suoritettiin viidellä tietokannalla, nimittäin 3DMAD, HKBU-Mars V1, MSU-MFSD, CASIA-FASD ja OULU-NPU, ehdotetun menetelmän parempien tulosten osoittamiseksi verrattuna uusimpiin menetelmiin
Face Image and Video Analysis in Biometrics and Health Applications
Computer Vision (CV) enables computers and systems to derive meaningful information from acquired visual inputs, such as images and videos, and make decisions based on the extracted information. Its goal is to acquire, process, analyze, and understand the information by developing a theoretical and algorithmic model. Biometrics are distinctive and measurable human characteristics used to label or describe individuals by combining computer vision with knowledge of human physiology (e.g., face, iris, fingerprint) and behavior (e.g., gait, gaze, voice). Face is one of the most informative biometric traits. Many studies have investigated the human face from the perspectives of various different disciplines, ranging from computer vision, deep learning, to neuroscience and biometrics. In this work, we analyze the face characteristics from digital images and videos in the areas of morphing attack and defense, and autism diagnosis. For face morphing attacks generation, we proposed a transformer based generative adversarial network to generate more visually realistic morphing attacks by combining different losses, such as face matching distance, facial landmark based loss, perceptual loss and pixel-wise mean square error. In face morphing attack detection study, we designed a fusion-based few-shot learning (FSL) method to learn discriminative features from face images for few-shot morphing attack detection (FS-MAD), and extend the current binary detection into multiclass classification, namely, few-shot morphing attack fingerprinting (FS-MAF). In the autism diagnosis study, we developed a discriminative few shot learning method to analyze hour-long video data and explored the fusion of facial dynamics for facial trait classification of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in three severity levels. The results show outstanding performance of the proposed fusion-based few-shot framework on the dataset. Besides, we further explored the possibility of performing face micro- expression spotting and feature analysis on autism video data to classify ASD and control groups. The results indicate the effectiveness of subtle facial expression changes on autism diagnosis
Seamless Multimodal Biometrics for Continuous Personalised Wellbeing Monitoring
Artificially intelligent perception is increasingly present in the lives of
every one of us. Vehicles are no exception, (...) In the near future, pattern
recognition will have an even stronger role in vehicles, as self-driving cars
will require automated ways to understand what is happening around (and within)
them and act accordingly. (...) This doctoral work focused on advancing
in-vehicle sensing through the research of novel computer vision and pattern
recognition methodologies for both biometrics and wellbeing monitoring. The
main focus has been on electrocardiogram (ECG) biometrics, a trait well-known
for its potential for seamless driver monitoring. Major efforts were devoted to
achieving improved performance in identification and identity verification in
off-the-person scenarios, well-known for increased noise and variability. Here,
end-to-end deep learning ECG biometric solutions were proposed and important
topics were addressed such as cross-database and long-term performance,
waveform relevance through explainability, and interlead conversion. Face
biometrics, a natural complement to the ECG in seamless unconstrained
scenarios, was also studied in this work. The open challenges of masked face
recognition and interpretability in biometrics were tackled in an effort to
evolve towards algorithms that are more transparent, trustworthy, and robust to
significant occlusions. Within the topic of wellbeing monitoring, improved
solutions to multimodal emotion recognition in groups of people and
activity/violence recognition in in-vehicle scenarios were proposed. At last,
we also proposed a novel way to learn template security within end-to-end
models, dismissing additional separate encryption processes, and a
self-supervised learning approach tailored to sequential data, in order to
ensure data security and optimal performance. (...)Comment: Doctoral thesis presented and approved on the 21st of December 2022
to the University of Port
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