Study and design of an impulse radio UWB synthesizer for 3.1-10.6 GHz band in 28 NM CMOS FD-SOI technology

Orientador: Prof. Ph.D. André Augusto MarianoCoorientador: Prof. Ph.D. Rémy VaucheDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Tecnologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Elétrica. Defesa : Curitiba, 21/03/2022Inclui referências: p. 107-110Resumo: Este trabalho de dissertação de mestrado apresenta o estudo e desenvolvimento de sintetizador de pulsos de radio ultra banda larga para a banda 3,1-10,6 GHz em tecnologia 28 nm CMOS FD-SOI. A primeira utilização dessa banda de frequência foi autorizada pela comissão federal de comunicações dos Estados Unidos em 2002. Visando a explorar essa banda de frequência, o padrão IEEE 802.15.4 escolheu as comunicações baseadas em pulsos de radio em detrimento das comunicações tradicionais de banda estreita. Uma linha importante de pesquisa e o estudo e desenvolvimento de um transmissor ultra banda larga, capaz de endereçar múltiplas bandas e múltiplos padrões diferentes, que e consistido em um sintetizador de pulsos de radio devendo ter a capacidade de cobrir a banda 3,1-10,6 GHz. Para atingir tal objetivo, visa-se a implementação de uma arquitetura versátil baseada em um gerador de pulsos constituído principalmente por um oscilador controlado por tensão, e um circuito de formatação da envoltória do pulso, em que e possível fazer ajuste da duração e da frequência central dos pulsos, e compensar variações PVT (Processo, Tensão e Temperatura). O objetivo principal deste trabalho de dissertação de mestrado e estudo e desenvolvimento de um sintetizador de pulsos baseado nessa arquitetura em tecnologia 28 nm CMOS FD-SOI, de maneira que esse circuito seja capaz de cobrir toda banda 3.1-10.6 GHz e ao mesmo tempo cumprir os requerimentos espectrais estabelecidos pelos padrões IEEE 802.15.4 e IEEE 802.15.6. No projeto do circuito proposto, utilizou-se a técnica de síntese de pulso por transposição de frequência, constituído principalmente por um oscilador local comutado, permitindo a redução do consumo de energia, em que o sinal produzido pelo oscilador e modulado por um pulso em banda base. Em relação a metodologia do projeto, trata-se de um projeto totalmente personalizado, em que se utilizou as logicas CMOS e CML (Logica Diferencial), e se considerou capacitâncias parasitas estimadas no intuito de melhorar o dimensionamento dos transistores. A arquitetura do oscilador escolhida neste projeto foi o oscilador em anel, a qual permite de se obter uma banda de frequência suficientemente alta. Acerca da formatação do pulso, escolheu-se uma envoltória possível de se implementar com circuito digital reprogramável, visando a endereçar os diferentes canais do padrão IEEE 802.15.4 e IEEE 802.15.6. O sistema implementado, em nível de esquemático de transistor considerando capacitâncias parasitas estimadas, apresenta um desempenho satisfatório sobre a toda a banda de frequência de interesse, em que os pulsos gerados respeitam os gabaritos espectrais impostos pelos padrões IEEE, evidenciando a capacidade do circuito prosposto de ser multi-banda e cobrir toda a banda de frequência de interesse. Em relação ao consumo de potência, esse e influenciado pela duração do pulso e sua frequência central. Ademais, obteve-se um consumo de potencia estática 14 µW e um consumo de energia por pulso emitido máximo de 308 pJ, em que para esse caso, o pulso apresenta um energia transmitida de 11,7 pJ por pulso, assim apresentando uma eficiência de 3,8 %.Abstract: This dissertation work concerns the study and design of an impulse radio ultra-wide band synthesizer for 3.1-10.6 GHz frequency band in 28 nm CMOS FD-SOI technology. Indeed, this frequency band exploitation was initially authorized by the federal communications commission of United States in 2002. Targeting to exploit this frequency band, the IEEE 802.15.4 standard has chosen the communications based on impulse radio instead of the traditional narrowband communications. Besides, the impulse radio communications should respect communications standards, like the IEEE 802.15.4 for wireless personal networks, or IEEE 802.15.6 for wireless body networks. These IEEE standards define the generated pulse bandwidth and its central frequency. An important line of research is the study and design of a multi-standard or multi-band UWB transmitter, consisted by a pulse synthesizer that should be able to address all the standardized channels. To accomplish this, a proposed solution reposes on design of versatile architecture based on pulse generator and an envelope shaping circuit, where it is possible to tune the pulse duration and central frequency, and also to compensate PVT variations (Process, Voltage and Temperature). The dissertation work main goal is the study and design of a pulse synthesizer based on this architecture in 28 nm CMOS FD-SOI technology, such that the designed system is capable to cover all the 3.1-10.6 GHz and at same time to comply the spectral requirements established by IEEE 802.15.4 and 802.15.6 standards. In relation of the proposed circuit design, it is applied the pulse synthesis technique based on frequency transposition, that is mainly composed by a local oscillator that can be turned on and off, which allows to reduce the power consumption. The generated oscillation is modulated by a baseband pulse. Concerning the design methodology, it is a full-custom project, where CMOS and CML logics were used, and estimated parasitic capacitances were considered to achieve more reliable transistor sizing. The oscillator architecture chosen is based on ring oscillator, which allows to reach a frequency range sufficiently large. For the pulse shaping, it was chosen a envelope that is feasible to implement with fully digital circuit, targeting to address all IEEE 802.15.4 and IEEE 802.15.6 standard channels. The implemented system presents, in schematic levels considering parasitic capacitances, a satisfactory performance over all the 3.1-10.6 GHz band, where the generated pulses respect the spectral requirements imposed by the IEEE standards, therefore indicating that the proposed circuit is multi-band and able to cover all frequency band of interest. In terms of power consumption, it was achieved a power leakage of 14 µW and a maximal energy per pulse consumption of 308 pJ, where for this case, the pulse has an emitted energy of 11.7 pJ per pulse, therefore a efficiency of 3.8 %

Analysis and Design of Ultra-Wideband Antennas in the Spectral and Temporal Domains

Formal research on Ultra-wideband (UWB) technology started in the U.S. in 2002; where its definition was formulated and the frequency allocation in that country established. However, the first ultra-wideband transmission was done during the confirmation of Maxwell's equations by Heinrich Hertz in 1886, the first ever reported radio transmission. Sparks or very short pulses were sent and received at a distance away from its source. UWB antennas have existed since those times, but technology has been mostly focused on the transmission of continuous wave narrowband signals. The largest problematic encountered in today's UWB antennas is that characterization methods were, since the beginning, meant to describe narrowband antennas. The frequency characteristics of these antennas are constant over their operational bandwidth, hence they can be fully characterized in the frequency domain. UWB antennas, on the other hand, are meant to transmit pulsed signals. Analyzing them only in the frequency domain is not enough to fully evaluate their performance, as pulse distortion is an important parameter that should be controlled. An extended literature review is included in the first part of this thesis, where the available UWB antenna characterization methods are evaluated. Many limitations were encountered, showing that the available techniques do not analyze simultaneously the most important parameters of an UWB antenna. A new characterization method is proposed: the System Fidelity Factor (SFF). Its main purpose is to incorporate frequency, time and space characteristics of a two-antennas system to compare UWB antennas in an efficient way. This is achieved with the correlation between the received and the input pulses, quantifying the distortion produced by the system. The SFF is an interesting tool because both simulations and measurements can be done in a simple and straight-forward manner, using tools that are commonly available in any antenna lab. Any combination of antennas can be analyzed and the free-space channel can be easily replaced with any other environment. Several UWB antennas were designed and used to prove the efficiency of the SFF. A good agreement between the proposed simulation techniques and the measurements was achieved. The antennas are novel designs specially developed for UWB applications under the American or European regulations. The last part of the thesis presents these antennas and analyzes them using the SFF to compare their performance

Communications protocols for wireless sensor networks in perturbed environment

This thesis is mainly in the Smart Grid (SG) domain. SGs improve the safety of electrical networks and allow a more adapted use of electricity storage, available in a limited way. SGs also increase overall energy efficiency by reducing peak consumption. The use of this technology is the most appropriate solution because it allows more efficient energy management. In this context, manufacturers such as Hydro-Quebec deploy sensor networks in the nerve centers to control major equipment. To reduce deployment costs and cabling complexity, the option of a wireless sensor network seems the most obvious solution. However, deploying a sensor network requires in-depth knowledge of the environment. High voltages substations are strategic points in the power grid and generate impulse noise that can degrade the performance of wireless communications. The works in this thesis are focused on the development of high performance communication protocols for the profoundly disturbed environments. For this purpose, we have proposed an approach based on the concatenation of rank metric and convolutional coding with orthogonal frequency division multiplexing. This technique is very efficient in reducing the bursty nature of impulsive noise while having a quite low level of complexity. Another solution based on a multi-antenna system is also designed. We have proposed a cooperative closed-loop coded MIMO system based on rank metric code and max−dmin precoder. The second technique is also an optimal solution for both improving the reliability of the system and energy saving in wireless sensor networks

Ultra-wideband voltage controlled oscillator with commutable phases for BPSK implementation

International audienc

Abstracts on Radio Direction Finding (1899 - 1995)

The files on this record represent the various databases that originally composed the CD-ROM issue of "Abstracts on Radio Direction Finding" database, which is now part of the Dudley Knox Library's Abstracts and Selected Full Text Documents on Radio Direction Finding (1899 - 1995) Collection. (See Calhoun record https://calhoun.nps.edu/handle/10945/57364 for further information on this collection and the bibliography). Due to issues of technological obsolescence preventing current and future audiences from accessing the bibliography, DKL exported and converted into the three files on this record the various databases contained in the CD-ROM. The contents of these files are: 1) RDFA_CompleteBibliography_xls.zip [RDFA_CompleteBibliography.xls: Metadata for the complete bibliography, in Excel 97-2003 Workbook format; RDFA_Glossary.xls: Glossary of terms, in Excel 97-2003 Workbookformat; RDFA_Biographies.xls: Biographies of leading figures, in Excel 97-2003 Workbook format]; 2) RDFA_CompleteBibliography_csv.zip [RDFA_CompleteBibliography.TXT: Metadata for the complete bibliography, in CSV format; RDFA_Glossary.TXT: Glossary of terms, in CSV format; RDFA_Biographies.TXT: Biographies of leading figures, in CSV format]; 3) RDFA_CompleteBibliography.pdf: A human readable display of the bibliographic data, as a means of double-checking any possible deviations due to conversion