3 research outputs found

    Characterization, design and re-optimization on multi-layer optical networks

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    L'augment de volum de tr脿fic IP provocat per l'increment de serveis multim猫dia com HDTV o v铆deo confer猫ncia planteja nous reptes als operadors de xarxa per tal de proveir transmissi贸 de dades eficient. Tot i que les xarxes mallades amb multiplexaci贸 per divisi贸 de longitud d'ona (DWDM) suporten connexions 貌ptiques de gran velocitat, aquestes xarxes manquen de flexibilitat per suportar tr脿fic d鈥檌nferior granularitat, fet que provoca un pobre 煤s d'ample de banda. Per fer front al transport d'aquest tr脿fic heterogeni, les xarxes multicapa representen la millor soluci贸. Les xarxes 貌ptiques multicapa permeten optimitzar la capacitat mitjan莽ant l'empaquetament de connexions de baixa velocitat dins de connexions 貌ptiques de gran velocitat. Durant aquesta operaci贸, es crea i modifica constantment una topologia virtual din脿mica gr脿cies al pla de control responsable d鈥檃questes operacions. Donada aquesta dinamicitat, un 煤s sub-貌ptim de recursos pot existir a la xarxa en un moment donat. En aquest context, una re-optimizaci贸 peri貌dica dels recursos utilitzats pot ser aplicada, millorant aix铆 l'煤s de recursos. Aquesta tesi est脿 dedicada a la caracteritzaci贸, planificaci贸, i re-optimitzaci贸 de xarxes 貌ptiques multicapa de nova generaci贸 des d鈥檜n punt de vista unificat incloent optimitzaci贸 als nivells de capa f铆sica, capa 貌ptica, capa virtual i pla de control. Concretament s'han desenvolupat models estad铆stics i de programaci贸 matem脿tica i meta-heur铆stiques. Aquest objectiu principal s'ha assolit mitjan莽ant cinc objectius concrets cobrint diversos temes oberts de recerca. En primer lloc, proposem una metodologia estad铆stica per millorar el c脿lcul del factor Q en problemes d'assignaci贸 de ruta i longitud d'ona considerant interaccions f铆siques (IA-RWA). Amb aquest objectiu, proposem dos models estad铆stics per computar l'efecte XPM (el coll d'ampolla en termes de computaci贸 i complexitat) per problemes IA-RWA, demostrant la precisi贸 d鈥檃mbd贸s models en el c脿lcul del factor Q en escenaris reals de tr脿fic. En segon lloc i fixant-nos a la capa 貌ptica, presentem un nou particionament del conjunt de longituds d'ona que permet maximitzar, respecte el cas habitual, la quantitat de tr脿fic extra prove茂t en entorns de protecci贸 compartida. Concretament, definim diversos models estad铆stics per estimar la quantitat de tr脿fic donat un grau de servei objectiu, i diferents models de planificaci贸 de xarxa amb l'objectiu de maximitzar els ingressos previstos i el valor actual net de la xarxa. Despr茅s de resoldre aquests problemes per xarxes reals, concloem que la nostra proposta maximitza ambd贸s objectius. En tercer lloc, afrontem el disseny de xarxes multicapa robustes davant de fallida simple a la capa IP/MPLS i als enlla莽os de fibra. Per resoldre aquest problema eficientment, proposem un enfocament basat en sobre-dimensionar l'equipament de la capa IP/MPLS i recuperar la connectivitat i el comparem amb la soluci贸 convencional basada en duplicar la capa IP/MPLS. Despr茅s de comparar solucions mitjan莽ant models ILP i heur铆stiques, concloem que la nostra soluci贸 permet obtenir un estalvi significatiu en termes de costos de desplegament. Com a quart objectiu, introdu茂m un mecanisme adaptatiu per reduir l'煤s de ports opto-electr貌nics (O/E) en xarxes multicapa sota escenaris de tr脿fic din脿mic. Una formulaci贸 ILP i diverses heur铆stiques s贸n desenvolupades per resoldre aquest problema, que permet reduir significativament l鈥櫭簊 de ports O/E en temps molt curts. Finalment, adrecem el problema de disseny resilient del pla de control GMPLS. Despr茅s de proposar un nou model anal铆tic per quantificar la resili猫ncia en topologies mallades de pla de control, usem aquest model per proposar un problema de disseny de pla de control. Proposem un procediment iteratiu lineal i una heur铆stica i els usem per resoldre inst脿ncies reals, arribant a la conclusi贸 que es pot reduir significativament la quantitat d'enlla莽os del pla de control sense afectar la qualitat de servei a la xarxa.The explosion of IP traffic due to the increase of IP-based multimedia services such as HDTV or video conferencing poses new challenges to network operators to provide a cost-effective data transmission. Although Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) meshed transport networks support high-speed optical connections, these networks lack the flexibility to support sub-wavelength traffic leading to poor bandwidth usage. To cope with the transport of that huge and heterogeneous amount of traffic, multilayer networks represent the most accepted architectural solution. Multilayer optical networks allow optimizing network capacity by means of packing several low-speed traffic streams into higher-speed optical connections (lightpaths). During this operation, a dynamic virtual topology is created and modified the whole time thanks to a control plane responsible for the establishment, maintenance, and release of connections. Because of this dynamicity, a suboptimal allocation of resources may exist at any time. In this context, a periodically resource reallocation could be deployed in the network, thus improving network resource utilization. This thesis is devoted to the characterization, planning, and re-optimization of next-generation multilayer networks from an integral perspective including physical layer, optical layer, virtual layer, and control plane optimization. To this aim, statistical models, mathematical programming models and meta-heuristics are developed. More specifically, this main objective has been attained by developing five goals covering different open issues. First, we provide a statistical methodology to improve the computation of the Q-factor for impairment-aware routing and wavelength assignment problems (IA-RWA). To this aim we propose two statistical models to compute the Cross-Phase Modulation variance (which represents the bottleneck in terms of computation time and complexity) in off-line and on-line IA-RWA problems, proving the accuracy of both models when computing Q-factor values in real traffic scenarios. Second and moving to the optical layer, we present a new wavelength partitioning scheme that allows maximizing the amount of extra traffic provided in shared path protected environments compared with current solutions. Specifically, we define several statistical models to estimate the traffic intensity given a target grade of service, and different network planning problems for maximizing the expected revenues and net present value. After solving these problems for real networks, we conclude that our proposed scheme maximizes both revenues and NPV. Third, we tackle the design of survivable multilayer networks against single failures at the IP/MPLS layer and WSON links. To efficiently solve this problem, we propose a new approach based on over-dimensioning IP/MPLS devices and lightpath connectivity and recovery and we compare it against the conventional solution based on duplicating backbone IP/MPLS nodes. After evaluating both approaches by means of ILP models and heuristic algorithms, we conclude that our proposed approach leads to significant CAPEX savings. Fourth, we introduce an adaptive mechanism to reduce the usage of opto-electronic (O/E) ports of IP/MPLS-over-WSON multilayer networks in dynamic scenarios. A ILP formulation and several heuristics are developed to solve this problem, which allows significantly reducing the usage of O/E ports in very short running times. Finally, we address the design of resilient control plane topologies in GMPLS-enabled transport networks. After proposing a novel analytical model to quantify the resilience in mesh control plane topologies, we use this model to propose a problem to design the control plane topology. An iterative model and a heuristic are proposed and used to solve real instances, concluding that a significant reduction in the number of control plane links can be performed without affecting the quality of service of the network

    Orchestrating datacenters and networks to facilitate the telecom cloud

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    In the Internet of services, information technology (IT) infrastructure providers play a critical role in making the services accessible to end-users. IT infrastructure providers host platforms and services in their datacenters (DCs). The cloud initiative has been accompanied by the introduction of new computing paradigms, such as Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) and Software as a Service (SaaS), which have dramatically reduced the time and costs required to develop and deploy a service. However, transport networks become crucial to make services accessible to the user and to operate DCs. Transport networks are currently configured with big static fat pipes based on capacity over-provisioning aiming at guaranteeing traffic demand and other parameters committed in Service Level Agreement (SLA) contracts. Notwithstanding, such over-dimensioning adds high operational costs for DC operators and service providers. Therefore, new mechanisms to provide reconfiguration and adaptability of the transport network to reduce the amount of over-provisioned bandwidth are required. Although cloud-ready transport network architecture was introduced to handle the dynamic cloud and network interaction and Elastic Optical Networks (EONs) can facilitate elastic network operations, orchestration between the cloud and the interconnection network is eventually required to coordinate resources in both strata in a coherent manner. In addition, the explosion of Internet Protocol (IP)-based services requiring not only dynamic cloud and network interaction, but also additional service-specific SLA parameters and the expected benefits of Network Functions Virtualization (NFV), open the opportunity to telecom operators to exploit that cloud-ready transport network and their current infrastructure, to efficiently satisfy network requirements from the services. In the telecom cloud, a pay-per-use model can be offered to support services requiring resources from the transport network and its infrastructure. In this thesis, we study connectivity requirements from representative cloud-based services and explore connectivity models, architectures and orchestration schemes to satisfy them aiming at facilitating the telecom cloud. The main objective of this thesis is demonstrating, by means of analytical models and simulation, the viability of orchestrating DCs and networks to facilitate the telecom cloud. To achieve the main goal we first study the connectivity requirements for DC interconnection and services on a number of scenarios that require connectivity from the transport network. Specifically, we focus on studying DC federations, live-TV distribution, and 5G mobile networks. Next, we study different connectivity schemes, algorithms, and architectures aiming at satisfying those connectivity requirements. In particular, we study polling-based models for dynamic inter-DC connectivity and propose a novel notification-based connectivity scheme where inter-DC connectivity can be delegated to the network operator. Additionally, we explore virtual network topology provisioning models to support services that require service-specific SLA parameters on the telecom cloud. Finally, we focus on studying DC and network orchestration to fulfill simultaneously SLA contracts for a set of customers requiring connectivity from the transport network.En la Internet de los servicios, los proveedores de recursos relacionados con tecnolog铆as de la informaci贸n juegan un papel cr铆tico haci茅ndolos accesibles a los usuarios como servicios. Dichos proveedores, hospedan plataformas y servicios en centros de datos. La oferta plataformas y servicios en la nube ha introducido nuevos paradigmas de computaci贸n tales como ofrecer la infraestructura como servicio, conocido como IaaS de sus siglas en ingl茅s, y el software como servicio, SaaS. La disponibilidad de recursos en la nube, ha contribuido a la reducci贸n de tiempos y costes para desarrollar y desplegar un servicio. Sin embargo, para permitir el acceso de los usuarios a los servicios as铆 como para operar los centros de datos, las redes de transporte resultan imprescindibles. Actualmente, las redes de transporte est谩n configuradas con conexiones est谩ticas y su capacidad sobredimensionada para garantizar la demanda de tr谩fico as铆 como los distintos par谩metros relacionados con el nivel de servicio acordado. No obstante, debido a que el exceso de capacidad en las conexiones se traduce en un elevado coste tanto para los operadores de los centros de datos como para los proveedores de servicios, son necesarios nuevos mecanismos que permitan adaptar y reconfigurar la red de forma eficiente de acuerdo a las nuevas necesidades de los servicios a los que dan soporte. A pesar de la introducci贸n de arquitecturas que permiten la gesti贸n de redes de transporte y su interacci贸n con los servicios en la nube de forma din谩mica, y de la irrupci贸n de las redes 贸pticas el谩sticas, la orquestaci贸n entre la nube y la red es necesaria para coordinar de forma coherente los recursos en los distintos estratos. Adem谩s, la explosi贸n de servicios basados el Protocolo de Internet, IP, que requieren tanto interacci贸n din谩mica con la red como par谩metros particulares en los niveles de servicio adem谩s de los habituales, as铆 como los beneficios que se esperan de la virtualizaci贸n de funciones de red, representan una oportunidad para los operadores de red para explotar sus recursos y su infraestructura. La nube de operador permite ofrecer recursos del operador de red a los servicios, de forma similar a un sistema basado en pago por uso. En esta Tesis, se estudian requisitos de conectividad de servicios basados en la nube y se exploran modelos de conectividad, arquitecturas y modelos de orquestaci贸n que contribuyan a la realizaci贸n de la nube de operador. El objetivo principal de esta Tesis es demostrar la viabilidad de la orquestaci贸n de centros de datos y redes para facilitar la nube de operador, mediante modelos anal铆ticos y simulaciones. Con el fin de cumplir dicho objetivo, primero estudiamos los requisitos de conectividad para la interconexi贸n de centros de datos y servicios en distintos escenarios que requieren conectividad en la red de transporte. En particular, nos centramos en el estudio de escenarios basados en federaciones de centros de datos, distribuci贸n de televisi贸n en directo y la evoluci贸n de las redes m贸viles hacia 5G. A continuaci贸n, estudiamos distintos modelos de conectividad, algoritmos y arquitecturas para satisfacer los requisitos de conectividad. Estudiamos modelos de conectividad basados en sondeos para la interconexi贸n de centros de datos y proponemos un modelo basado en notificaciones donde la gesti贸n de la conectividad entre centros de datos se delega al operador de red. Estudiamos la provisi贸n de redes virtuales para soportar en la nube de operador servicios que requieren par谩metros espec铆ficos en los acuerdos de nivel de servicio adem谩s de los habituales. Finalmente, nos centramos en el estudio de la orquestaci贸n de centros de datos y redes con el objetivo de satisfacer de forma simult谩nea requisitos para distintos servicios.Postprint (published version

    Off-line and in-operation optical core networks planning

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    The ever increasing IP traffic volume has finally brought to light the high inefficiency of current wavelength-routed over rigid-grid optical networks in matching the client layer requirements. Such an issue results in the deployment of large-size, expensive and power-consuming Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) layers to perform the required grooming/aggregation functionality. To deal with this problem, the emerging flexgrid technology, allowing for reduced size frequency grids, is being standardized. Flexgrid optical networks divide the spectrum into frequency slots providing finer granularity than rigid networks based on Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM). To find a feasible allocation, new Routing and Spectrum Allocation (RSA) algorithms for flexgrid optical networks need to be designed and evaluated. Furthermore, due to the flexibility of flexible optical networks, the aggregation functions and statistical multiplexing can be partially located in the optical layer. In addition, given the special characteristics of flexible optical networks, the traditional mechanisms for protection and recovery must be reformulated. Optical transport platforms are designed to facilitate the setting up and tearing down of optical connections (lightpaths). Combining remotely configurable optical cross-connects (OXCs) with a control plane provides the capability of automated lightpath set-up for regular provisioning, and real-time reaction to the failures, being thus able to reduce Operational Expenditures (OPEX). However, to exploit existing capacity, increase dynamicity, and provide automation in future networks, current management architectures, utilizing legacy Network Management Systems (NMS) need to be radically transformed. This thesis is devoted to design optical networks and to devise algorithms to operate them. Network design objective consists of: i. Analyzing the cost implications that a set of frequency slot widths have on the Capital Expenditures (CAPEX) investments required to deploy MPLS-over-flexgrid networks; ii. Studying recovery schemes, where a new recovery scheme specifically designed for flexgrid-based optical networks is proposed. As for network operation, we focus on: i. Studying provisioning, where two provisioning algorithms are proposed: the first one targets at solving the RSA problem in flexgrid networks, whereas the second one studies provisioning considering optical impairments in translucent DWDM networks; ii. Getting back to the recovery problem, we focus on algorithms to cope with restoration in dynamic scenarios. Several algorithms are proposed for both single layer and multilayer networks to be deployed in the centralized Path Computation Element (PCE); iii. One of the main problems in flexgrid networks is spectrum defragmentation. In view of that, we propose an algorithm to reallocate already established optical connections so as to make room for incoming requests. This algorithm is extended with elasticity to deal with time-varying traffic. The above algorithms are firstly implemented and validated by using simulation, and finally experimentally assessed in real test-beds. In view of PCE architectures do not facilitate network reconfiguration, we propose a control and management architecture to allow the network to be dynamically operated; network resources can be made available by reconfiguring and/or re-optimizing the network on demand and in real-time. We call that as in-operation network planning. It shall be mentioned that part of the work reported in this thesis has been done within the framework of several European and National projects, namely STRONGEST (FP7-247674), IDEALIST (FP7-ICT-2011-8), and GEANT (FP7-238875) funded by the European Commission, and ENGINE (TEC2008-02634) and ELASTIC (TEC2011-27310) funded by the Spanish Science Ministry.El volumen creciente del tr谩fico IP, finalmente, ha puesto de manifiesto la alta ineficiencia de las redes 贸pticas actuales de grid r铆gido basadas en WDM en la adecuaci贸n a los requisitos de capa de cliente. Dicho problema genera que se deba desplegar una red con capas MPLS de gran tama帽o, costosa y de alto consumo energ茅tico para poder realizar la funcionalidad de agregaci贸n requerida. Para hacer frente a este problema, la tecnolog铆a flexgrid emergente, que permite grids con frecuencias de menor tama帽o, est谩 siendo estandarizada. Las redes 贸pticas flexgrid dividen el espectro en slots de frecuencia, lo que proporciona una granularidad m谩s fina en comparaci贸n a las redes r铆gidas basadas en WDM. Para encontrar una asignaci贸n factible, nuevos algoritmos de enrutamiento y asignaci贸n de espectro (RSA) para redes 贸pticas flexgrid deben ser dise帽ados y evaluados. Adem谩s, debido a la flexibilidad de las redes 贸pticas flexibles, las funciones de agregaci贸n y de multiplexaci贸n estad铆stica pueden ser parcialmente situadas en la capa 贸ptica. Asimismo, dadas las caracter铆sticas especiales de las redes 贸pticas flexibles, los mecanismos tradicionales de protecci贸n y recuperaci贸n deben reformularse. Las plataformas de transporte 贸pticas est谩n dise帽adas para facilitar la creaci贸n y destrucci贸n de conexiones 贸pticas. La combinaci贸n de OXCs configurables remotamente con un plano de control, proporciona la capacidad de crear conexiones autom谩ticamente para el aprovisionamiento habitual, y la reacci贸n en tiempo real a los fallos, para as铆 poder reducir el OPEX. Sin embargo, para aprovechar la capacidad existente, aumentar la dinamicidad y proporcionar automatizaci贸n a las redes del futuro, las arquitecturas actuales de gesti贸n, que utilizan sistemas legados de NMS, necesitan ser transformadas de manera radical. Esta tesis est谩 dedicada al dise帽o de redes 贸pticas y a la creaci贸n de algoritmos para operarlas. El objetivo de dise帽o de red se compone de: 1. El an谩lisis de las implicancias en el costo que tiene un conjunto de slots de frecuencia en el CAPEX necesario para implementar redes MPLS-over-flexgrid; 2. El estudio de esquemas de recuperaci贸n, donde se propone un nuevo esquema de recuperaci贸n dise帽ado espec铆ficamente para las redes 贸pticas basadas en flexgrid. En cuanto a la operaci贸n de la red: 1. El estudio de aprovisionamiento, donde se proponen dos algoritmos de aprovisionamiento: el primero de ellos tiene como objetivo solucionar el problema de RSA en redes flexgrid, mientras que el segundo estudia aprovisionamiento considerando la degradaci贸n 贸ptica en redes WDM transl煤cidas; 2. Volviendo al problema de la recuperaci贸n, nos centramos en algoritmos de restauraci贸n para escenarios din谩micos. Se proponen varios algoritmos, tanto para redes mono-capa como multi-capa, que ser谩n desplegados en un PCE centralizado; 3. Uno de los principales problemas en las redes flexgrid es la desfragmentaci贸n del espectro. Para ello, se propone un algoritmo para reasignar las conexiones 贸pticas ya establecidas con el fin de hacer espacio a las entrantes. Este algoritmo se extiende con elasticidad para ser utilizado en escenarios con tr谩fico variable en el tiempo. Los algoritmos anteriores son primero implementados y validados utilizando simulaci贸n, y finalmente son evaluados experimentalmente en testbeds reales. En vista de que las arquitecturas de PCE no facilitan la reconfiguraci贸n de la red, proponemos una arquitectura de control y gesti贸n para permitir que la red pueda ser operada de forma din谩mica; hacer que los recursos de la red est茅n disponibles mediante reconfiguraci贸n y/o re-optimizaci贸n de la red bajo demanda y en tiempo real. A eso lo llamamos planificaci贸n en operaci贸n de la red. El trabajo presentado en esta tesis se ha realizado en el marco de proyectos europeos y nacionales: STRONGEST (FP7-247674), IDEALIST (FP7-2011-8), y GEANT (FP7-238875) financiados por la CE, y ENGINE (TEC2008-02634) y ELASTIC (TEC2011-27310) financiados por el MINEC
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