Cavity Matchings, Label Compressions, and Unrooted Evolutionary Trees

We present an algorithm for computing a maximum agreement subtree of two unrooted evolutionary trees. It takes O(n^{1.5} log n) time for trees with unbounded degrees, matching the best known time complexity for the rooted case. Our algorithm allows the input trees to be mixed trees, i.e., trees that may contain directed and undirected edges at the same time. Our algorithm adopts a recursive strategy exploiting a technique called label compression. The backbone of this technique is an algorithm that computes the maximum weight matchings over many subgraphs of a bipartite graph as fast as it takes to compute a single matching

Spaces of phylogenetic networks from generalized nearest-neighbor interchange operations

Phylogenetic networks are a generalization of evolutionary or phylogenetic trees that are used to represent the evolution of species which have undergone reticulate evolution. In this paper we consider spaces of such networks defined by some novel local operations that we introduce for converting one phylogenetic network into another. These operations are modeled on the well-studied nearest-neighbor interchange (NNI) operations on phylogenetic trees, and lead to natural generalizations of the tree spaces that have been previously associated to such operations. We present several results on spaces of some relatively simple networks, called level-1 networks, including the size of the neighborhood of a fixed network, and bounds on the diameter of the metric defined by taking the smallest number of operations required to convert one network into another.We expect that our results will be useful in the development of methods for systematically searching for optimal phylogenetic networks using, for example, likelihood and Bayesian approaches

Combinatorics of Hard Particles on Planar Graphs

We revisit the problem of hard particles on planar random tetravalent graphs in view of recent combinatorial techniques relating planar diagrams to decorated trees. We show how to recover the two-matrix model solution to this problem in this purely combinatorial language.Comment: 35 pages, 20 figures, tex, harvmac, eps

Rearrangement operations on unrooted phylogenetic networks

Rearrangement operations transform a phylogenetic tree into another one and hence induce a metric on the space of phylogenetic trees. Popular operations for unrooted phylogenetic trees are NNI (nearest neighbour interchange), SPR (subtree prune and regraft), and TBR (tree bisection and reconnection). Recently, these operations have been extended to unrooted phylogenetic networks, which are generalisations of phylogenetic trees that can model reticulated evolutionary relationships. Here, we study global and local properties of spaces of phylogenetic networks under these three operations. In particular, we prove connectedness and asymptotic bounds on the diameters of spaces of different classes of phylogenetic networks, including tree-based and level-k networks. We also examine the behaviour of shortest TBR-sequence between two phylogenetic networks in a class, and whether the TBR-distance changes if intermediate networks from other classes are allowed: for example, the space of phylogenetic trees is an isometric subgraph of the space of phylogenetic networks under TBR. Lastly, we show that computing the TBR-distance and the PR-distance of two phylogenetic networks is NP-hard

Fixed parameter algorithms for compatible and agreement supertree problems

Biologists represent evolutionary history of species through phylogenetic trees. Leaves of a phylogenetic tree represent the species and internal vertices represent the extinct ancestors. Given a collection of input phylogenetic trees, a common problem in computational biology is to build a supertree that captures the evolutionary history of all the species in the input trees, and is consistent with each of the input trees. In this document we study the tree compatibility and agreement supertree problems. Tree compatibility problem is NP-complete but has been shown to be fixed parameter tractable when parametrized by number of input trees. We characterize the compatible supertree problem in terms of triangulation of a structure called the display graph. We also give an alternative characterization in terms of cuts of the display graph. We show how these characterizations are related to characterization given in terms of triangulation of the edge label intersection graph. We then give a characterization of the agreement supertree problem. In real world data, consistent supertrees do not always exist. Inconsistencies can be dealt with by contraction of edges or removal of taxa. The agreement supertree edge contraction (AST-EC) problem asks if a collection of k rooted trees can be made to agree by contraction of at most p edges. Similarly, the agreement supertree taxon removal (AST-TR) problem asks if a collection of k rooted trees can be made to agree by removal of at most p taxa. We give fixed parameter algorithms for both cases when parametrized by k and p. We study the long standing conjecture on the perfect phylogeny problem; there exists a function f (r) such that a given collection C of r-state characters is compatible if and only if every f (r) subset of C is compatible. We will show that for r ≥ 2, f (r) ≥ lceil (r/2) rceil * lfloor(r/2)rfloor + 1