Toward Adding Knowledge to Learning Algorithms for Indexing Legal Cases

Abstract Case-based reasoning systems have shown great protnise for legal argumentation, but their development and wider availability are still slowed by the cost of manually representing cases. In this paper, we present our recent progress toward automatically indexing legal opinion texts for a CBR system. Our system SMILE uses a classijication-based approach tojnd abstract fact situations in legal texts. To reduce the cotnple.rity irzherent in legal texts, we take the individud sentences from a marked-up collection of case sumtwries as examples. We illustrate how integrating a legal thesaurus a& linguistic information with a machine learning algorithm can help to overcome the diSJiculties creuted by legal language. The paper discusses results from a preliminary experiment with a decision tree learning algorithm. Experiments indicate that learning on the basis of sentences, rather than full documents, is effective. They also confirm that adding a legal thesaurus to the learning algorithm leads to improved pet$ormance for some, but not all. indexing concepts

Utilización de metodologías de Inteligencia Artificial y sus aplicaciones en El Salvador

El presente artículo intenta dar una pequeña perspectiva de cómo el uso de las metodologías basadas en Inteligencia Artificial (IA) podrían contribuir en la solución de problemas reales del país: como la eficiencia y eficacia en consultas médicas del Instituto del Seguro Social Salvadoreño (ISSS), toma de decisiones políticas importantes, resolución de juicios legales, evasión de impuestos, aprobación de créditos, optimización de recursos, etc. El documento describe brevemente diferentes técnicas de Inteligencia Artificial (IA) tales como Sistemas Expertos (SE), Razonamiento Basados en Casos (RBC), Redes Neuronales Artificiales (RNA) y Algoritmos Genéticos (AG) entre otras, y menciona en forma sintetizada algunas áreas críticas en las que podrían aplicarse en el país con éxito. El objetivo principal de este artículo es dar a conocer otras alternativas hasta ahora desconocidas por las instituciones del Estado para la resolución de problemas nacionales importantes

Induction of defeasible logic theories in the legal domain

The market for intelligent legal information systems remains relatively untapped and while this might be interpreted as an indication that it is simply impossible to produce a system that satisfies the needs of the legal community, an analysis of previous attempts at producing such systems reveals a common set of deficiencies that in-part explain why there have been no overwhelming successes to date. Defeasible logic, a logic with proven successes at representing legal knowledge, seems to overcome many of these deficiencies and is a promising approach to representing legal knowledge. Unfortunately, an immediate application of technology to the challenges in this domain is an expensive and computationally intractable problem. So, in light of the benefits, we seek to find a practical algorithm that uses heuristics to discover an approximate solution. As an outcome of this work, we have developed an algorithm that integrates defeasible logic into a decision support system by automatically deriving its knowledge from databases of precedents. Experiments with the new algorithm are very promising - delivering results comparable to and exceeding other approaches

Do androids dream of electric copyright? Comparative analysis of originality in artificial intelligence generated works

The advent of sophisticated artificial neural networks has opened new artistic opportunities, but also a variety of new legal challenges. Computer programs such as Google's Deep Dream can take an image and process it in manners that resemble biological networks, producing artwork that is both unique and unpredictable. The law is not unfamiliar with the challenges of artificial intelligence, in the past academics and policymakers have had to deal with the legal implications of autonomous agents in contract formation, just to name one are of interest. However, for the most part the implementation of smart systems has been limited in their reach and scope, and in many instances autonomous agents required quite a lot of direction from the programmer, following a very stringent set of rules. This meant that for the most part all rights, responsibilities and liabilities arising from artificial agents fell squarely on the program creator. Neural networks are different, these systems have the potential to generate works in which human interaction is minimal. Modern copyright law has been drafted to consider originality as an embodiment of the author’s personality, and originality is one of the main requirements for the subsistence of copyright. So, what happens when you remove personality from the equation? Are machine-created works devoid of copyright? Do we need to change copyright law to accommodate autonomous artists? This session will explore this and other questions

Sistema Olimpo: tecnologia da informação jurídica para o Conselho de Segurança da ONU

Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de ProduçãoA tecnologia da informação jurídica baseia-se na representação do conhecimento jurídico para potencializar sistemas de recuperação de informações textuais. Com base na experiência adquirida na construção de sistemas anteriores (Digesto, Metajuris, Metalex, Themis, Prudentia e Jurisconsulto), alguns dos quais inteligentes, bem como na avaliação de serviços tecnológicos oferecidos por tribunais brasileiros, os pesquisadores do grupo de inteligencia aplicada ao direito do PPGEP aceitaram o desafio de estruturar um novo sistema para aplicação nas resoluções do Conselho de Segurança da ONU. Esta empreitada teve como produto a construção do Sistema Olimpo, cujas características serão descritas no presente trabalho, assim como seu processo de consolidação, bem como seus mecanismos de funcionamento. Sua tarefa é recuperar, de forma inteligente, as resoluções mais semelhantes ao texto oferecido como entrada

Um modelo para a extração de conceitos e estabelecimento de contextos em sistemas baseados em conhecimento

Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de ProduçãoSistemas de Recuperação de Informação normalmente trabalham com tecnologias baseadas em palavras-chave. Embora, tais sistemas atinjam resultados satisfatórios, eles não são aptos a responder consultas mais complexas elaboradas por usuários. Para isto, existem os Sistemas Baseados em Conhecimento, os quais utilizam-se de ontologias para a representação do conhecimento embutido nos textos. As técnicas mais avançadas de construção de ontologias atualmente baseiam-se na participação de três atores: o engenheiro de conhecimento, o especialista do domínio e o analista de sistemas. Este trabalho dispende tempo, haja vista os numerosos estudos que devem ser feitos para determinar quais elementos devem participar da base de conhecimento e como eles se inter-relacionam. Desta forma, utilizar sistemas computacionais que, ao menos, agilizem este trabalho é fundamental para a criação de sistemas para o mercado. Este trabalho apresenta um modelo que permite que a representação do conhecimento seja feita diretamente pelo computador, necessitando de intervenção mínima, ou até nenhuma, do usuário humano, ampliando a abrangência de domínios que um sistema pode manter, tornando-o mais eficiente e de fácil utilização

A semantic based framework for software regulatory compliance

Software development market is currently witnessing an increasing demand for software applications conformance with the international regime of GRC for Governance, Risk and Compliance. In this thesis, we propose a compliance requirement analysis method for early stages of software development based on a semantically-rich model, where a mapping can be established from legal and regulatory requirements relevant to system context to software system goals and contexts. This research is an attempt to address the requirement of General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR, Article 25) (European Commission) for implementation of a "privacy by design” approach as part of organizational IT-systems and processes. It requires design of data protection requirements in the development of business processes for products and services. The proposed semantic model consists of a number of ontologies each corresponding to a knowledge component within the developed framework of our approach. Each ontology is a thesaurus of concepts in the compliance and risk assessment domain related to system development along with relationships and rules between concepts that compromise the domain knowledge. The main contribution of the work presented in this paper is a novel ontology-based framework that demonstrates how description-logic reasoning techniques can be used to simulate legal reasoning requirements employed by legal professions against the description of each ontology. The semantic modelling of each component of framework can highly influence the compliance of developing software system and enables the reusability, adaptability and maintainability of these components. Through the discrete modelling of these components, the flexibility and extensibility of compliance systems will be improved. Additionally, enriching ontologies with semantic rules increases the reasoning power and helps to represent rules of laws, regulations and guidelines for compliance, also mapping, refinement and inheriting of different components from each other. This novel approach offers a pedagogically effective and satisfactory learning experience for developers and compliance officers to be trained in area of compliance and query for knowledge in this domain. This thesis offers the theoretical models, design and implementation of a compliance system in accordance with this approach