136,097 research outputs found
Discrete particle simulation of bubble and slug formation in a two-dimensional gas-fluidised bed: a hard-sphere approach.
A discrete particle model of a gas-fluidised bed has been developed and in this the two-dimensional motion of the individual, spherical particles was directly calculated from the forces acting on them, accounting for the interaction between the particles and the interstitial gas phase. Our collision model is based on conservation laws for linear and angular momentum and requires, apart from geometrical factors, two empirical parameters: a restitution coefficient and a friction coefficient. A sequence of collisions is processed using techniques which find their application in hard-sphere simulations which are commonly encountered in the field of molecular dynamics. The hydrodynamic model of the gas phase is based on the volume-averaged Navier-Stokes equations. Simulations of bubble and slug formation in a small two-dimensional bed (height 0.50 m, width 0.15 m) with 2400 particles (dp = 4 mm, material: aluminium, p = 2700 kg mÂż3) showed a strong dependency of the flow behaviour with respect to the restitution and friction coefficient. A preliminary experimental validation of our model was performed using a small scale "two-dimensional" gas-fluidised bed (height 0.30 m, width 0.15 m, depth 0.015 m) with 850 Âżm ballotini glass particles (p = 2930 kg mÂż3) as the bed material. Results compared fairly well with the results of a simulation which was performed with 40,000 particles using realistic values for the restitution and friction coefficients which were obtained from simple independent experiment
The Ekpyrotic Universe: Colliding Branes and the Origin of the Hot Big Bang
We propose a cosmological scenario in which the hot big bang universe is
produced by the collision of a brane in the bulk space with a bounding orbifold
plane, beginning from an otherwise cold, vacuous, static universe. The model
addresses the cosmological horizon, flatness and monopole problems and
generates a nearly scale-invariant spectrum of density perturbations without
invoking superluminal expansion (inflation). The scenario relies, instead, on
physical phenomena that arise naturally in theories based on extra dimensions
and branes. As an example, we present our scenario predominantly within the
context of heterotic M-theory. A prediction that distinguishes this scenario
from standard inflationary cosmology is a strongly blue gravitational wave
spectrum, which has consequences for microwave background polarization
experiments and gravitational wave detectors.Comment: 67 pages, 4 figures. v2,v3: minor corrections, references adde
Active matter beyond mean-field: Ring-kinetic theory for self-propelled particles
A ring-kinetic theory for Vicsek-style models of self-propelled agents is
derived from the exact N-particle evolution equation in phase space. The theory
goes beyond mean-field and does not rely on Boltzmann's approximation of
molecular chaos. It can handle pre-collisional correlations and cluster
formation which both seem important to understand the phase transition to
collective motion. We propose a diagrammatic technique to perform a small
density expansion of the collision operator and derive the first two equations
of the BBGKY-hierarchy. An algorithm is presented that numerically solves the
evolution equation for the two-particle correlations on a lattice. Agent-based
simulations are performed and informative quantities such as orientational and
density correlation functions are compared with those obtained by ring-kinetic
theory. Excellent quantitative agreement between simulations and theory is
found at not too small noises and mean free paths. This shows that there is
parameter ranges in Vicsek-like models where the correlated closure of the
BBGKY-hierarchy gives correct and nontrivial results. We calculate the
dependence of the orientational correlations on distance in the disordered
phase and find that it seems to be consistent with a power law with exponent
around -1.8, followed by an exponential decay. General limitations of the
kinetic theory and its numerical solution are discussed
Bubble Baryogenesis
We propose an alternative mechanism of baryogenesis in which a scalar baryon
undergoes a percolating first-order phase transition in the early Universe. The
potential barrier that divides the phases contains explicit B and CP violation
and the corresponding instanton that mediates decay is therefore asymmetric.
The nucleation and growth of these asymmetric bubbles dynamically generates
baryons, which thermalize after percolation; bubble collision dynamics can also
add to the asymmetry yield. We present an explicit toy model that undergoes
bubble baryogenesis, and numerically study the evolution of the baryon
asymmetry through bubble nucleation and growth, bubble collisions, and washout.
We discuss more realistic constructions, in which the scalar baryon and its
potential arise amongst the color-breaking minima of the MSSM, or in the
supersymmetric neutrino seesaw mechanism. Phenomenological consequences, such
as gravitational waves, and possible applications to asymmetric dark-matter
generation are also discussed.Comment: 15 pages, 13 figures, references added, changes reflect published
versio
Supersonic Cloud Collision - I
It has long been suggested that shocks might play an important role in
altering the form of the interstellar medium (ISM). Shocks enhance gas density
and sufficiently dense regions may become self gravitating. Potential star
forming clouds within larger molecular clouds, move randomly at supersonic
speeds.
Depending on the precollision velocity, colliding molecular clouds produce a
slab that is either shock compressed or pressure confined. In a sequel of two
papers (I & II), we simulate molecular cloud collision and investigate the
dynamical evolution of such slabs. Shocked slabs are susceptible to
hydrodynamic instabilities and in the present paper (I) we study the effect of
strong shear between slab layers on the dynamic evolution of a shock compressed
gas slab. Both, head-on and off-centre cloud collisions have been examined in
this work. We include self gravity in all our simulations.
Simulations presented here, are performed using the smoothed particle
hydrodynamics (SPH) numerical scheme. Individual, pre-collision clouds are
modelled as pressure confined Bonnor-Ebert spheres. However, in the interest of
brevity the thermodynamic details of the problem are simplified and the gas
temperature is simply evolved by a barytropic equation of state. Obviously, the
gas, to some extent suffers from thermal inertial effects. However, we note
that the dynamical timescale is much smaller than the local sound crossing time
so that such effects should have minimum influence.Comment: 16 pages, 13 figures, 1 table; A&A accepted Typographical errors have
been attended to. The resolution of the figures has been deliberately lowered
in order to accommodate them all within the prescribed size limit
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