4,571 research outputs found

    Intelligent Procedures for Intra-Day Updating of Call Center Agent Schedules

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    For nearly all call centers, agent schedules are typically created several days or weeks prior to the time that agents report to work. After schedules are created, call center resource managers receive additional information that can affect forecasted workload and resource availability. In particular, there is significant evidence, both among practitioners and in the research literature, suggesting that actual call arrival volumes early in a scheduling period (typically an individual day or week) can provide valuable information about the call arrival pattern later in the same scheduling period. In this paper, we develop a flexible and powerful heuristic framework for managers to make intra-day resource adjustment decisions that take into account updated call forecasts, updated agent requirements, existing agent schedules, agents’ schedule flexibility, and associated incremental labor costs. We demonstrate the value of this methodology in managing the trade-off between labor costs and service levels to best meet variable rates of demand for service, using data from an actual call center

    Bayesian fan charts for U.K. inflation: forecasting and sources of uncertainty in an evolving monetary system

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    We estimate a Bayesian vector autoregression for the U.K. with drifting coefficients and stochastic volatilities. We use it to characterize posterior densities for several objects that are useful for designing and evaluating monetary policy, including local approximations to the mean, persistence, and volatility of inflation. We present diverse sources of uncertainty that impinge on the posterior predictive density for inflation, including model uncertainty, policy drift, structural shifts and other shocks. We use a recently developed minimum entropy method to bring outside information to bear on inflation forecasts. We compare our predictive densities with the Bank of England's fan charts

    Drivers and future of the fertility decline in the 2010s : an analysis of Finland and other Nordic countries

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    The Nordic countries have maintained relatively high and stable cohort fertility over the past three decades, which has inspired fertility theories and cemented the idea that the generous welfare system of these countries promotes fertility. However, the narrative changed in the 2010s, as these countries’ total fertility rates (TFR) declined strongly and reached all-time low levels. These declines were unexpected, remain poorly understood, and challenge the understanding of fertility patterns in the developed world. It remains unclear how this fertility decline relates to fertility timing, union patterns and the field of study – all of which are important factors in explaining fertility patterns that could generally help illuminate the mechanisms behind the decline. This thesis analysed fertility dynamics in Finland and the other Nordic countries, focusing particularly on the decrease in period fertility in the 2010s and its consequences for completed cohort fertility by using existing methods and developing a new forecasting approach. The study used harmonized data across the Nordic countries from the Human Fertility Database (HFD) to compare age, parity, tempo, and quantum drivers of the declines, and register data from Statistics Finland both to assess the importance of changes in union patterns for the fertility decline and to identify variation in fertility declines by field of education. Decomposition of the period fertility decline between 2010 and 2018 showed that a fall in fertility occurred at nearly all ages below 40, and that the decline in first births contributed the most to the overall decline in fertility among all Nordic countries. The fertility decline in the age group 30–39 is a departure from the long-term trend of increasing fertility, suggesting that not only fertility postponement is driving the fertility decline. Tempo adjustments to the TFR and cohort fertility forecasts both indicate that quantum change is part of the decline. The forecasts indicated that cohort fertility is likely to decline from the long-lasting level of 2 children to around 1.8 children on average for late 1980s cohorts. Here, Finland diverges from the other Nordic countries, as its expected cohort fertility is much lower (below 1.6). In turn, Sweden and Demark are on a trajectory of weaker declines than those observed in Finland, Norway, and Iceland. The new non-parametric approach that was developed in this study assessed potential recuperation patterns and yielded the weakest declines of all methods; nevertheless, it still showed that, particularly in Finland, Norway and Iceland, cohort fertility is likely to decline even if higher age fertility were to begin to increase. Using an incidence-based multistate Markov model, trends in age-specific transition probabilities across states of single life, cohabitation, marriage, and first birth among childless men and women showed that after 2010, first-childbearing decreased in unions, more (cohabiting) unions were dissolved, and marriage and cohabitation formation decreased. Counterfactual simulations revealed that the decline in fertility within unions mattered more (three-quarter) than changes in union dynamics (one-quarter) for the total decline in first births. First births declined more strongly across the lower social strata, but, across all strata, decreasing first-childbearing in unions explained most of the total decline. Trends in total fertility and first births in the 2010s across 153 fields of education showed diverging patterns in the already prevailing large differences between fields of education. Weaker declines (around -20% and less) were typically observed in fields with initially higher levels (health and teaching) and stronger declines (around -40% and more) in fields with initially lower levels (ICT, arts and humanities). Regression analyses indicated that the strength of the declines was associated with characteristics reflecting uncertainty (higher unemployment, lower income, and a lower share of work in the public sector) within the fields – together, these uncertainty measures explained one fourth of the decline in TFR and two fifths of the decline in first births. The findings highlight the need to revise the conceptualization of the Nordic model of high and stable fertility. The decline in the 2010s was primarily accounted for by childless couples postponing or forgoing childbearing rather than by parents having smaller families. New theories increasingly highlight the role of perceived uncertainty in explaining fertility changes in the 2010s, but the findings from this study indicate that objective uncertainty also seems to be fuelling the fertility decline.De nordiska lĂ€nderna har upprĂ€tthĂ„llit en relativt hög och stabil kohortbaserad fruktsamhet under de senaste tre decennierna. Detta har inspirerat aktuella fruktsamhetsteorier samt befĂ€st idĂ©n att dessa lĂ€nders generösa vĂ€lfĂ€rdssystem frĂ€mjar fruktsamheten. Narrativet förĂ€ndrades emellertid under 2010-talet dĂ„ den periodbaserade fruktsamheten i dessa lĂ€nder sjönk kraftigt och nĂ„dde rekordlĂ„ga nivĂ„er. Den hĂ€r nedgĂ„ngen skedde ovĂ€ntat, den Ă€r fortfarande bristfĂ€lligt förstĂ„dd, och den utmanar förstĂ„elsen av fruktsamhetsmönstren i industrilĂ€nderna. Det Ă€r fortfarande oklart huruvida den sjunkande fruktsamheten Ă€r en följd av uppskjutet barnafödande till högre Ă„ldrar eller möjliga förĂ€ndringar i parbildning och separationer, samt huruvida fruktsamheten sjunkit i varierande grad bland olika studieomrĂ„den. Alla dessa Ă€r viktiga faktorer för att förklara fruktsamhetsmönster och skulle generellt kunna öka förstĂ„elsen för de mekanismer som ligger bakom nedgĂ„ngen i fruktsamheten. Denna avhandling analyserade fruktsamhetsdynamiken i Finland och de andra nordiska lĂ€nderna med ett sĂ€rskilt fokus pĂ„ den sjunkande periodbaserade fruktsamheten pĂ„ 2010-talet och dess konsekvenser för den slutgiltiga kohortbaserade fruktsamheten med hjĂ€lp av befintliga metoder samt genom att utveckla en ny prognosmetod. Studien anvĂ€nde data frĂ„n de nordiska lĂ€nderna frĂ„n HFD-databasen för att jĂ€mföra minskningen enligt demografiska faktorer (Ă„lder, födelseordning, tidpunkt för barnafödande och faktiska mĂ€ngden barnafödande). Registerdata frĂ„n Statistikcentralen anvĂ€ndes för att bedöma betydelsen av förĂ€ndringar i parförhĂ„llanden för att förklara fruktsamhetsnedgĂ„ngen och för att identifiera variationer i intensiteten av fruktsamhetsnedgĂ„ngen bland olika utbildningsomrĂ„den. UppspjĂ€lkningen av den periodbaserade fruktsamhetsnedgĂ„ngen mellan 2010 och 2018 visade att nedgĂ„ngen intrĂ€ffade i nĂ€stan alla Ă„ldrar under 40 och att minskningen i förstabarnsfödslar förklarade den störta delen av den totala nedgĂ„ngen i alla nordiska lĂ€nder. FruktsamhetsnedgĂ„ngen i Ă„ldersgruppen 30–39 Ă€r en avvikning frĂ„n den flera decennier lĂ„nga uppĂ„tgĂ„ende trenden och tyder pĂ„ att det inte Ă€r enbart uppskjutet barnafödande till högre Ă„ldrar som driver den sjunkande fruktsamheten. BĂ„de tempojusteringar av det summerade fruktsamhetstalet och prognoser för den slutgiltiga kohortbaserade fruktsamheten indikerar att Ă€ven den faktiska mĂ€ngden barnafödande minskar. Enligt prognoserna kommer den kohortbaserade fruktsamheten sannolikt att sjunka frĂ„n den lĂ„ngvariga nivĂ„n omkring 2 barn till omkring 1.8 barn i medeltal för kohorter födda i slutet av 1980-talet. Finland avviker frĂ„n de andra lĂ€nderna, eftersom dess förvĂ€ntade kohortbaserade fruktsamhet Ă€r mycket lĂ€gre (under 1.6). Sverige och Danmark bildar ocksĂ„ en klass för sig med mildare nedgĂ„ngar Ă€n de som förvĂ€ntas i Finland, Norge och Island. Den nya icke-parametriska metoden som utvecklades i denna studie estimerade potentiella Ă„terhĂ€mtningsmönster och resulterade i de svagaste nedgĂ„ngarna av alla prognosmetoder, men visade Ă€ndĂ„ att sĂ€rskilt i Finland, Norge och Island kommer den kohortbaserade fruktsamheten sannolikt att sjunka Ă€ven om fruktsamheten i Ă€ldre Ă„ldrar skulle stiga. Med hjĂ€lp av en incidensbaserad flertillstĂ„nds Markovmodell visade trender i Ă„ldersspecifika övergĂ„ngssannolikheter mellan tillstĂ„nden singel, samboskap, Ă€ktenskap och det första barnets födelse bland barnlösa mĂ€n och kvinnor att efter Ă„r 2010 minskade det första barnets födelse bland samboende och gifta par, flera samboskap upplöstes, och fĂ€rre sambo- och Ă€ktenskap ingicks. Kontrafaktiska simuleringar visade att nedgĂ„ngen i fruktsamheten i sambo- och Ă€ktenskap hade större betydelse (tre fjĂ€rdedelar) Ă€n förĂ€ndringar i parbildning och separationer (en fjĂ€rdedel) för den totala nedgĂ„ngen i antalet förstabarnsfödslar. Förstabarnsfödslar minskade kraftigare i de lĂ€gre sociala skikten, men i alla sociala skikt förklarade minskade förstabarnsfödslar i sambo- och/eller Ă€ktenskap majoriteten av den totala nedgĂ„ngen. Trender i den summerade fruktsamheten och i förstabarnsfödslar under 2010-talet bland 153 utbildningsomrĂ„den visade divergerande mönster i de betydande skillnaderna som redan rĂ„der mellan studieomrĂ„dena. Svagare nedgĂ„ngar (cirka -20 % och mindre) observerades generellt inom omrĂ„den med initialt högre fruktsamhetsnivĂ„er (hĂ€lsa och undervisning) och kraftigare nedgĂ„ngar (runt -40 % och mer) inom omrĂ„den med initialt lĂ€gre fruktsamhetsnivĂ„er (IKT, konst och humaniora). Regressionsanalyser visade att styrkan i nedgĂ„ngarna var associerad med egenskaper som speglar osĂ€kerhet (högre arbetslöshet, lĂ€gre inkomst och lĂ€gre andel som arbetar inom den offentliga sektorn) inom utbildningsomrĂ„dena – tillsammans förklarade dessa osĂ€kerhetsmĂ„tt en fjĂ€rdedel av nedgĂ„ngen i det summerade fruktsamhetstalet, och tvĂ„ femtedelar av nedgĂ„ngen i förstabarnsfödslar. Resultaten lyfter fram behovet av att uppdatera konceptualiseringen av den nordiska modellen med relativt hög och stabil kohortbaserad fruktsamhet. NedgĂ„ngen under 2010-talet förklaras frĂ€mst av att barnlösa par skjuter upp eller avstĂ„r familjebildning snarare Ă€n att förĂ€ldrar fĂ„r fĂ€rre barn. Nya teorier lyfter alltmer fram upplevd osĂ€kerhet som en förklaring till nedgĂ„ngen i fruktsamheten under 2010-talet, men resultaten frĂ„n denna studie indikerar att Ă€ven objektiv osĂ€kerhet verkar trigga den sjunkande fruktsamheten

    Nonlinear Features of Realized FX Volatility

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    This paper investigates nonlinear features of FX volatility dynamics using estimates of daily volatility based on the sum of intraday squared returns. Measurement errors associated with using realized volatility to measure ex post latent volatility imply that standard time series models of the conditional variance become variants of an ARMAX model. We explore nonlinear departures from these linear specifications using a doubly stochastic process under duration-dependent mixing. This process can capture large abrupt changes in the level of volatility, time varying persistence, and time-varying variance of volatility. The results have implications for forecast precision, hedging, and pricing of derivatives. Dans cet article, nous Ă©tudions les caractĂ©ristiques nonlinĂ©aires de la dynamique de la volatilitĂ© des taux de change Ă  l'aide d'estimations de la volatilitĂ© quotidienne basĂ©es sur la somme du carrĂ© des rendements intraquotidiens. Les erreurs de mesure commises en utilisant la volatilitĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©e pour mesurer la volatilitĂ© latente ex post font en sorte que les modĂšles standards de sĂ©ries chronologiques de la variance conditionnelle deviennent des variantes d'un modĂšle ARMAX. Nous explorons des alternatives nonlinĂ©aires Ă  ces spĂ©cifications linĂ©aires en utilisant un processus doublement stochastique, avec mixage dĂ©pendant de la durĂ©e. Ce processus peut capter des changements importants et abrupts dans le niveau de la volatilitĂ©, de mĂȘme qu'une persistence et une variance de la volatilitĂ© variant dans le temps. Nos rĂ©sultats influent sur la prĂ©cision des prĂ©visions, la couverture et l'Ă©valuation des produits dĂ©rivĂ©s.High-frequency data, realized volatility, semi-Marko, DonnĂ©es Ă  haute frĂ©quence, volatilitĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©e, demi-Markov
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