Dundee’s Jute mills and factories: Spaces of production, surveillance and discipline

Taking Dundee’s jute industry as its focus, this paper provides a geographical reading of the architectural form, design and layout of the mills and factories of the late nineteenth century. By tracking the change from the multi-storey to the shed system, it emphasises the importance of the internal geographies of the production process. And drawing upon Foucault’s notion of disciplinary power, notably his rule of functional sites and techniques of enclosure and partitioning, together with his tentative references to the factory system, I show how the external architecture and internal space of the mills and factories were used to create an ordered geography of both people and machinery and help maintain a gendered labour hierarchy. With the industry’s largely female workforce channelled through points of visibility, a preliminary investigation is made into the matrix of knowledge, spanning the entire works, that ensured all space and all those within it, could be accounted for

Advancing Health Equity and Inclusive Growth in Buffalo

With millions in public and private investments in the Buffalo Niagara Medical Campus and Governor Cuomo’s historic “Buffalo Billion” investment in economic development, the city of Buffalo, New York, is poised for resurgence. As is true in cities and regions across the country, communities of color are growing and buffering overall population loss. But if new investments do not address persistent racial and economic inequities, the city’s long-term economic future is at risk. The Buffalo region’s economy could have been over $4 billion stronger in 2014 alone if racial gaps in income were eliminated. Inclusive growth is the path to sustainable economic prosperity and health equity. To build a Buffalo economy that works for all, city and regional leaders must commit to putting all residents on the path to economic security through protections and policies that enable existing residents to remain in the city, connect to jobs and opportunities, and benefit from new development

‘Good relations’ among neighbours and workmates? The everyday encounters of Accession 8 migrants and established communities in urban England

Drawing on data generated in a recently completed qualitative study in a northern, English city, this paper explores the everyday social encounters of Accession 8 (A8) migrants who entered the UK following the expansion of the European Union in 2004. A number of options from permanent residence in another Member State on the one hand, to more fleeting circulatory and multiple short-term moves on the other, now exist for these new European citizens. The relatively short-term and temporary residence of some A8 migrants calls into question the focus of much UK government policy, which emphasises the need for migrants to integrate into diverse yet cohesive communities. Against this backdrop, the aim of this paper is two-fold. First, it considers the somewhat different character of A8 migration (encompassing a spectrum from permanency to temporariness) and what this means for routine experiences of mixing between new migrants and established host communities. Second, the paper explores such interactions in terms of ‘everyday encounters’ in both neighbourhood and work spaces and asks whether such spatio-temporal practices and experiences enhance or inhibit the building of ‘good relations’ in a multicultural city

Measuring segregation using patterns of daily travel behavior : a social interaction based model of exposure

Recent advances in transportation geography demonstrate the ability to compute a metropolitan scale metric of social interaction opportunities based on the time-geographic concept of joint accessibility. The method we put forward in this article decomposes the social interaction potential (SIP) metric into interactions within and between social groups, such as people of different race, income level, and occupation. This provides a novel metric of exposure, one of the fundamental spatial dimensions of segregation. In particular, the SIP metric is disaggregated into measures of inter-group and intra-group exposure. While activity spaces have been used to measure exposure in the geographic literature, these approaches do not adequately represent the dynamic nature of the target populations. We make the next step by representing both the source and target population groups by space-time prisms, thus more accurately representing spatial and temporal dynamics and constraints. Additionally, decomposition of the SIP metric means that each of the group-wise components of the SIP metric can be represented at zones of residence, workplace, and specific origin-destination pairs. Consequently, the spatial variation in segregation can be explored and hotspots of segregation and integration potential can be identified. The proposed approach is demonstrated for synthetic cities with different population distributions and daily commute flow characteristics, as well as for a case study of the Detroit-Warren-Livonia MSA

Income, work and education: insights for closing the gap in urban Australia

Existing analysis of the Closing the Gap outcomes is limited by the lack of adequate wage data for Indigenous Australians. This paper attempts to redress this situation by using a geography recently developed by the ABS - Significant Urban Areas - to document the crucial relationships between income, labour force status and education. Abstract: Many factors contribute to differences in an individual’s command over resources. One of the factors is differences in labour market engagement and the level of education attainment across different geographical areas. However, existing analysis of the Closing the Gap outcomes is limited by the lack of adequate wage data for Indigenous Australians. Using the newly introduced geography Significant Urban Areas (SUAs), which distinguish between major cities, regional centres and remote areas, this paper analyses average personal income while adjusting for labour force status and education levels. We impute average wage data by focusing on the personal income of people who are employed full-time and assuming that the average weekly personal income is a reasonable approximation of wages. The findings suggest that wage differences between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians in urban areas are minimal after education attainment levels are adjusted for, with a gradient in wages according to the level of qualification. There are gender differences in wages in favour of men, both across SUAs and by education level. This is partly a reflection of the structure of employment and segregation in the labour market, which can reach as high as 40 per cent in some the SUAs. Considering the importance of wage data in the theory of economic development, it is essential that direct information on wages is collected in future surveys with a substantial sample of Indigenous Australians

The suburbanisation of poverty in British cities, 2004-16: extent, processes and nature

This paper tracks changes in relative centralisation and relative concentration of poverty for the 25 largest British cities, analysing change for poor and non-poor groups separately, and examining parallel changes in spatial segregation. The paper confirms that poverty is suburbanising, at least in the larger cities, although poverty remains over-represented in inner locations. Suburbanisation is occurring through both the reduction in low income populations in inner locations and the growth non-poor groups in these places, consistent with a process of displacement. Relative centralisation of poverty has fallen more stronglythan relative concentration of poverty, as the outward shift of poorer groups leaves them still living in denser neighbourhoods on average. The paper also shows that spatial segregation (unevenness) declined at the same time although it remains to be seen whether this indicates a long-term shift to less segregated urban forms or a transitional outcome before new forms of segregation emerge around suburban poverty concentrations

Classifying pupils by where they live : how welldoes this predict variations in their GCSE results?

Classifying consumers according to the type of neighbourhood in which they live isnow standard practice among most of Britain?s successful consumer facingorganisations. In recent years these ?geodemographic? classifications have becomeincreasingly used in public sector applications. Their use has made it possible notjust to gain a clearer understanding of the level of inequalities that exist betweendifferent types of neighbourhood but also to understand which policy interventionsare likely to be most successful in different localities throughout the country.This paper summarises key findings resulting from the appending of the UK Mosaicneighbourhood classification system to the records of the Pupil Level Annual SchoolCensus. The most significant of these findings is that other than the performance ofthe pupil at an earlier key stage test the type of neighbourhood in which a pupil livesis a more reliable predictor of a pupil?s GCSE performance than any otherinformation held about that pupil on the PLASC database.Analysis then shows the extent to which the performance of pupils from anyparticular type of neighbourhood is also incrementally affected by theneighbourhoods from which the other pupils in the school they attend are drawn. Itfinds that whilst a pupil?s exam performance is affected primarily by the socialbackground of people he or she may encounter at home, the social background offellow school pupils is of only marginally lower significance.These findings suggest that so long as pupils? GCSE performances are so stronglyaffected by the type of neighbourhood in which they live, a school?s league positionbears only indirect relationship to the quality of school management and teaching. Abetter measurement of the latter would be a league table system which took intoaccount the geodemographic profile of each school?s pupil intake.The paper concludes with discussion of the relevance of these findings to thesociology of education, to the debate on consumer choice in public services, to thegeneral appropriateness of adjusting public sector performance metrics to take intoaccount the social mix of service users and to parental strategies in the educationalsector in particular. Classifying consumers according to the type of neighbourhood in which they live isnow standard practice among most of Britain?s successful consumer facingorganisations. In recent years these ?geodemographic? classifications have becomeincreasingly used in public sector applications. Their use has made it possible notjust to gain a clearer understanding of the level of inequalities that exist betweendifferent types of neighbourhood but also to understand which policy interventionsare likely to be most successful in different localities throughout the country.This paper summarises key findings resulting from the appending of the UK Mosaicneighbourhood classification system to the records of the Pupil Level Annual SchoolCensus. The most significant of these findings is that other than the performance ofthe pupil at an earlier key stage test the type of neighbourhood in which a pupil livesis a more reliable predictor of a pupil?s GCSE performance than any otherinformation held about that pupil on the PLASC database.Analysis then shows the extent to which the performance of pupils from anyparticular type of neighbourhood is also incrementally affected by theneighbourhoods from which the other pupils in the school they attend are drawn. Itfinds that whilst a pupil?s exam performance is affected primarily by the socialbackground of people he or she may encounter at home, the social background offellow school pupils is of only marginally lower significance.These findings suggest that so long as pupils? GCSE performances are so stronglyaffected by the type of neighbourhood in which they live, a school?s league positionbears only indirect relationship to the quality of school management and teaching. Abetter measurement of the latter would be a league table system which took intoaccount the geodemographic profile of each school?s pupil intake.The paper concludes with discussion of the relevance of these findings to thesociology of education, to the debate on consumer choice in public services, to thegeneral appropriateness of adjusting public sector performance metrics to take intoaccount the social mix of service users and to parental strategies in the educationalsector in particular

Food Insecurity of Restaurant Workers

This report is the first of its kind, presenting findings on the role that employment conditions have in affecting workers' food security in the restaurant industry -- the segment of the food system that employs the greatest number of workers. This report also provides recommendations for policymakers, employers, and consumers to improve the food security of restaurant workers. It is based on surveys of 286 restaurants workers in New York City and the San Francisco Bay Area during 2011-2014