Estimating Residual Faults from Code Coverage

Many reliability prediction techniques require an estimate for the number of residual faults. In this paper, a new theory is developed for using test coverage to estimate the number of residual faults. This theory is applied to a specific example with known faults and the results agree well with the theory. The theory is used to justify the use of linear extrapolation to estimate residual faults. It is also shown that it is important to establish the amount of unreachable code in order to make a realistic residual fault estimate

Pregnant Women's Satisfaction with The Quality of Antenatal Care (Anc) Services at The Obstech Of Poly of UPT Nene Mallomo Hospital, Sidrap District

In Indonesia, the quality of ANC services is still low in terms of ANC coverage which is still below the national target where data on coverage of pregnant women (K4) visits in Indonesia in 2021 is 87.48%, which means that it has not reached the target of the Ministry of Health's Strategic Plan in 2021, which is 95 %. Of the 34 provinces in Indonesia, only 3 provinces have achieved this target, namely the Riau Islands, DKI Jakarta and West Java. The purpose of this study was to know the relationship between the quality of antenatal care (ANC) services and the level of satisfaction of pregnant women at the midwifery polyclinic of UPT RSUD Nene Mallomo. The research design method used an analytic survey research with a cross-sectional approach, the number of samples was 83. The research instrument used a questionnaire, bivariate analysis used the Chi Square test. Results Based on data from 83 pregnant women who were dissatisfied with ANC services as many as 15 people (18.1%), based on Tangibles not good and dissatisfied 16 (19.3%), Empathy 16 (19.3%) The conclusion is that there is a relationship between satisfaction with Tangibles (P-value=0.000 OR 140.80), Reliability (P-value=0.000 OR 86.66), Responsiveness (P-value=0.000 OR 303.3), Assurance (P-value=0.000 OR 140.8 ) and Empathy (P-value = 0.000 OR 140.8) It is suggested that health workers improve counseling for pregnant women to make regular ANC visits

On the use of testability measures for dependability assessment

Program “testability” is informally, the probability that a program will fail under test if it contains at least one fault. When a dependability assessment has to be derived from the observation of a series of failure free test executions (a common need for software subject to “ultra high reliability” requirements), measures of testability can-in theory-be used to draw inferences on program correctness. We rigorously investigate the concept of testability and its use in dependability assessment, criticizing, and improving on, previously published results. We give a general descriptive model of program execution and testing, on which the different measures of interest can be defined. We propose a more precise definition of program testability than that given by other authors, and discuss how to increase testing effectiveness without impairing program reliability in operation. We then study the mathematics of using testability to estimate, from test results: the probability of program correctness and the probability of failures. To derive the probability of program correctness, we use a Bayesian inference procedure and argue that this is more useful than deriving a classical “confidence level”. We also show that a high testability is not an unconditionally desirable property for a program. In particular, for programs complex enough that they are unlikely to be completely fault free, increasing testability may produce a program which will be less trustworthy, even after successful testin

Trends in American Newspaper Coverage of Autism

The public\u27s understanding of disabilities is cultivated via several media resources, including news media. Disability scholars often cite negative representations of disabilities in mass media, yet analyses of newspaper journalists\u27 coverage of autism remain scarce. The present study explores the frames, stereotypes, stigmatizing cues, and individuals cited in news coverage of autism through a content analysis of The New York Times and USA Today coverage of autism from 2013-2016. The findings revealed that episodic frames are consistently utilized to discuss autism. References to abnormal social tendencies and coupling autism with adverse circumstances were the most common stereotypes in newspaper coverage. The study’s results show that the presence of stigmatizing cues increased over time, with label references representing the most common stigmatizing cue. Episodic coverage was more stigmatizing than thematic news coverage. Medical professional and journalist sources were most present in news coverage. Theoretical and practical applications for media and disability scholars are discussed

Miss Olympic Athlete? A Content Analysis of NBC’s Primetime Interviews During the 2016 Summer Olympic Games

The 2016 Summer Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro has further exposed the difference in sports reporting between sexes. Creating social media controversy, viewers called out the sexist commentary directed towards women athletes emphasizing their relationship status, how many children they have, and male athlete accomplishments over the female’s athletic ability. This content analysis will dive deeper into NBC’s prime-time coverage of the twenty-third Olympiad, examining the sport and non-sport questions brought up during interviews with the male and female athletes. With reporters possessing more control over what is discussed on-air, when compared to live commentators, the goal of this analysis is to examine if a significant difference of sport-related themes remains between sexes, or if a few outliers are drawing disproportionate attention. No significant difference was found between questions asked during interviews with male and female athletes, however, there was a significant difference found between the mean number of non-sport questions posed by male reporters when compared to female reporters. Suggestions for future research are also explored

Dynamic Mutant Subsumption Analysis using LittleDarwin

Many academic studies in the field of software testing rely on mutation testing to use as their comparison criteria. However, recent studies have shown that redundant mutants have a significant effect on the accuracy of their results. One solution to this problem is to use mutant subsumption to detect redundant mutants. Therefore, in order to facilitate research in this field, a mutation testing tool that is capable of detecting redundant mutants is needed. In this paper, we describe how we improved our tool, LittleDarwin, to fulfill this requirement

Modelling structural coverage and the number of failure occurrences with non-homogeneous Markov chains

Most software reliability growth models specify the expected number of failures experienced as a function of testing effort or calendar time. However, there are approaches to model the development of intermediate factors driving failure occurrences. This paper starts out with presenting a model framework consisting of four consecutive relationships. It is shown that a differential equation representing this framework is a generalization of several finite failures category models. The relationships between the number of test cases executed and expected structural coverage, and between expected structural coverage and the expected number of failure occurrences are then explored further. A non-homogeneous Markov model allowing for partial redundancy in sampling code constructs is developed. The model bridges the gap between setups related to operational testing and systematic testing, respectively. Two extensions of the model considering the development of the number of failure occurrences are discussed. The paper concludes with showing that the extended models fit into the structure of the differential equation presented at the beginning, which permits further interpretation. --

The Art of Fault Injection

Classical greek philosopher considered the foremost virtues to be temperance, justice, courage, and prudence. In this paper we relate these cardinal virtues to the correct methodological approaches that researchers should follow when setting up a fault injection experiment. With this work we try to understand where the "straightforward pathway" lies, in order to highlight those common methodological errors that deeply influence the coherency and the meaningfulness of fault injection experiments. Fault injection is like an art, where the success of the experiments depends on a very delicate balance between modeling, creativity, statistics, and patience

MC/DC based estimation and detection of residual faults in PLC logic networks

A logic coverage measure related to MC/DC testing is used to estimate residual faults. The residual fault prediction method is evaluated on an industrial PLC logic example. A randomized form of MC/DC testing is used to maximize coverage growth and fault detection efficiency