Data Scraping as a Cause of Action: Limiting Use of the CFAA and Trespass in Online Copying Cases

In recent years, online platforms have used claims such as the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (“CFAA”) and trespass to curb data scraping, or copying of web content accomplished using robots or web crawlers. However, as the term “data scraping” implies, the content typically copied is data or information that is not protected by intellectual property law, and the means by which the copying occurs is not considered to be hacking. Trespass and the CFAA are both concerned with authorization, but in data scraping cases, these torts are used in such a way that implies that real property norms exist on the Internet, a misleading and harmful analogy. To correct this imbalance, the CFAA must be interpreted in its native context, that of computers, computer networks, and the Internet, and given contextual meaning. Alternatively, the CFAA should be amended. Because data scraping is fundamentally copying, copyright offers the correct means for litigating data scraping cases. This Note additionally offers proposals for creating enforceable terms of service online and for strengthening copyright to make it applicable to user-based online platforms

To “Sketch-a-Scratch”

A surface can be harsh and raspy, or smooth and silky, and everything in between. We are used to sense these features with our fingertips as well as with our eyes and ears: the exploration of a surface is a multisensory experience. Tools, too, are often employed in the interaction with surfaces, since they augment our manipulation capabilities. “Sketch-a-Scratch” is a tool for the multisensory exploration and sketching of surface textures. The user’s actions drive a physical sound model of real materials’ response to interactions such as scraping, rubbing or rolling. Moreover, different input signals can be converted into 2D visual surface profiles, thus enabling to experience them visually, aurally and haptically

Effective scraping in a scraped surface heat exchanger: some fluid flow analysis

An outline of mathematical models that have been used to understand the behaviour of scraped surface heat exchangers is presented. In particular the problem of the wear of the blades is considered. A simple model, exploiting known behaviour of viscous flow in corners and in wedges, and accounting for the forces on the blade is derived and solutions generated. The results shows initial rapid wear but that the wear rate goes to zero

Contact-mediated control of radial migration of corneal epithelial cells

We thank Darrin Sheppard and other staff at the University of Aberdeen Medical Research Facility for specialist technical assistance. We thank Patsy D. Goast for overnight microscope monitoring. This work was performed under the Biotechnology and Bioscience Research Council Grant number BB/E015840/1 to JMC.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Hybridizing old downtown Suwon City: how new urban fabric may save the past

In response to paradigm shifts of environmental, social and economic methods at the local and global scales, new approaches are required for creating alternative urban models which emphasize sustainability and landscape productivity. The Old Downtown of Suwon City, South Korea, which is encompassed by the Hwaseong Fortress and designated by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site, is currently experiencing challenges between preservation and development – past and future. This thesis investigates sustainable and productive urban tactics to mediate this conflict. The primary focus of these tactics is the re-organization of land use towards more efficient and productive models born of contemporary science, technology, and culture, while simultaneously embracing and preserving key aspects of the city’s heritage

A technique for the bacteriologic investigation of the physiologic gingival crevice

Typewritten.Thesis (M.Sc.D.)--Boston University, March, 1965. Note: Page 111 is missing.Bibliography: p. 99-109