35,365 research outputs found
Network effects and total economic impact in transport appraisal
It is claimed that transport infrastructure projects have network effects which are not taken into account in the appraisal of these projects. This paper reviews the concept of network effects, relates this to transport appraisal practice, and links to the concept of âtotal economic impactâ. The limitations of transport modelling and appraisal in estimating total economic impact are reviewed. Good quality appraisals should be capable of picking up relevant network effects in the transport market, but the state of the art remains limited on the linkages between transport and the wider economy
Net:Geography Fieldwork Frequently Asked Questions
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TRAVEL ADJUSTMENTS AFTER ROAD CLOSURE: WORKINGTON
The closure of all roads links between south and north Workington following the floods of November 2009 produced an unusual travel situation. Provision of a frequent and free train service and the erection of a footbridge brought good access between both parts of the town by foot, cycle and train, but a heavily congested 18 mile detour by road.
This paper describes the findings of a survey of over 400 Workington residents about how they adapted and how that has affected the way they travel now that road connections have been restored. Adaptations included changing mode, time of travel and changing destinations. Many respondents report personal hardships, including loss of job, health
impacts, reduced family visits to relations and the stress caused by extra travelling time. The paper also describes adaptations by organisations and authorities such as providing feeder bus services, opening a temporary supermarket and offering different worksites or changed hours to help their employees.
The paper considers how the severing of connections required services to be rethought. The discussion questions whether the findings are relevant to more predictable changes such as rising fuel prices and climate change mitigation measures
Qualitative and quantitative analysis of the sport tourism from the perspective of romanian young adults
Sport, as a passive or dynamic activity has an important role in our lives. It has become a social phenomenon. At the same time, the sporting industry represents an âeconomic phenomenonâ generating billions of dollars every year through tickets, sponsorships and TV rights. Tourism is one of the fastest growing industries in the world. Sport tourism involves traveling and visiting a destination for sporting reasons, either active or passive. The aim of our study is to analyze the importance of sport tourism for young adults in Romania. With the help of questionnaires we will try to find out the importance and the shapes sport tourism can have in the lives of students from different faculties. Additionally, our study brings an overlook on the qualitative and quantitative aspects that characterize this new form of tourism, from the young Romanian adultsâ perspectivetourism, sport, travel, Romania, young adults. empirical survey
Measuring the Relationships between Internet Geography and RTT
When designing distributed systems and Internet protocols, designers can benefit from statistical models of the Internet that can be used to estimate their performance. However, it is frequently impossible for these models to include every property of interest. In these cases, model builders have to select a reduced subset of network properties, and the rest will have to be estimated from those available. In this paper we present a technique for the analysis of Internet round trip times (RTT) and its relationship with other geographic and network properties. This technique is applied on a novel dataset comprising âź19 million RTT measurements derived from âź200 million RTT samples between âź54 thousand DNS servers. Our main contribution is an information-theoretical analysis that allows us to determine the amount of information that a given subset of geographic or network variables (such as RTT or great circle distance between geolocated hosts) gives about other variables of interest. We then provide bounds on the error that can be expected when using statistical estimators for the variables of interest based on subsets of other variables
cISP: A Speed-of-Light Internet Service Provider
Low latency is a requirement for a variety of interactive network
applications. The Internet, however, is not optimized for latency. We thus
explore the design of cost-effective wide-area networks that move data over
paths very close to great-circle paths, at speeds very close to the speed of
light in vacuum. Our cISP design augments the Internet's fiber with free-space
wireless connectivity. cISP addresses the fundamental challenge of
simultaneously providing low latency and scalable bandwidth, while accounting
for numerous practical factors ranging from transmission tower availability to
packet queuing. We show that instantiations of cISP across the contiguous
United States and Europe would achieve mean latencies within 5% of that
achievable using great-circle paths at the speed of light, over medium and long
distances. Further, we estimate that the economic value from such networks
would substantially exceed their expense
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