3G telecommunication technology in Malaysia

3G is the third generation of mobile phone standards and technology, after 2G. It is based on the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) family of standards under the International Mobile Telecommunications programme, "IMT- 2000". 3G technologies enable network operators to offer users a wider range of more advanced services while achieving greater network capacity through improved spectral efficiency. Services include wide-area wireless voice telephony and broadband wireless data, all in a mobile environment. Typically, they provide service at 5-10 Mb per second

ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE- DIFFERENT APPROACHES

As organizations decide to expand on other markets, managers are facing with new problems and realities. If thirty years ago, companies afford to ignore the international business environment, today they need to think globally. This new dimension of international business was made possible by unprecedented growth of telecommunications, technology, transport and the existence of international standards. The article aims to analyze the main reasons for organizational change, in terms of contingency theory and strategic approach.organizational structure, contingency theory, strategic approach

Private Sector Influence In The International Telecommunication Union

This paper aims to examine the influence of private corporations in the tripartite structure of the International Telecommunications Union (ITU): Telecommunications Standardization, Radiocommunication, and Telecommunications Development. The paper finds that, in the standardization sector, power has been effectively transferred from nation states to the private corporate sector since the approval process now enables standards to be approved by members of the study group that developed them, which is essentially the private sector. In the radiocommunication sector, the private sector continues to conduct much of the requisite technical work, but national governments are ultimately the decision makers and, further, it is difficult to distinguish between treaty and non-treaty work. In the development sector, the ITU seeks to create an enabling environment for private investment in developing countries and actively seeks to build private sector partnerships. In the long run the ITU may be unable to satisfy either its narrow corporate constituency or the vast majority of its developing country members. As the United Nations agency which coordinates satellite spacing and allocates access to the electromagnetic spectrum on an international basis, the ITU is the world\u27s most prominent international telecommunications institution, so its structural modifications and membership changes are of great significance in a world increasingly dependent on a global grid of wired and wireless telecommunications networks

Commercial Satellite Communications

A need and a tradition existed in international telecommunications when satellites emerged ten years ago. INTELSAT was born in 1964 out of an ideal with the specific aim of establishing a commercial telecommunication satellite system. INTELSAT has responded to a variety of requirements around the world, putting state-of-the-art technologv to practical use in an environment of international ownership and management. INTELSAT has brought space activity to Dublic consciousness and benefit. This paper sets out the impact of INTELSAT in the commercial telecommunications field as it moves into its second decade and assesses the opportunity before INTELSAT in its use of Space for an important service

From national monopoly to Multinational Corporation: how regulation shaped the road towards telecommunications internationalization

One of the consequences of major regulatory reform of the telecommunications sector from the end of the 1970s – particularly, privatization, liberalization and deregulation – was the establishment of a new business environment which permitted former national telecommunications monopolies to expand abroad. From the 1990s, a number of these firms, particularly those based in Europe, joined the rankings of the world’s leading Multinational Corporations. Their internationalization was uneven, however: while some firms internationalised strongly, others ventured abroad much slower. This article explores how the regulatory framework within which telecommunications incumbents evolved over the long-term shaped their subsequent, uneven, paths to internationalization. Two case studies representing ´maximum variation´ are selected: Telefónica, whose early and unrelenting expansion transformed it into one of the world’s most international of Multinational Corporations, and BT, whose overseas ventures failed and, with eroding domestic market share, forced the firm to partially retreat, becoming the least international of the large European incumbents. Long-term ownership, access to capital, management style and exposure to liberalization strongly influenced firms’ approaches to internationalizatio

Issues and Policies for Universal Service and Net Neutrality in a Broadband Environment

The purpose of this paper is to identify the key issues surrounding ubiquity or universal service and equity or net neutrality in telecommunications with applications for New Zealand. This paper in its initial form was presented at the conference "Telecommunications: Ubquity and Equity in a Broadband Environment" held in Wellington 26-28 August 2010.This paper provides a higher-level overview of the issues and identifies key questions that must be answered when developing policies regarding universal service and net neutrality. With the understanding that policies must recognise differences among countries yet can still benefit from international experience the paper will then based on the conference addresses and papers offer some analysis and policy recommendations to assist New Zealand in making informed policy choices

Papua New Guinea Economic Survey: from boom to gloom?

This survey examines the impact of the collapse of global commodity prices on the PNG economy. It also compares the pattern of government expenditure during the 1990s commodity boom with its expenditure during the recent boom. Ongoing reforms in the telecommunications, international airline services and intergovernmental financing arrangements are also analysed. As well, it presses the case for further microeconomic reforms to promote a more inviting investment environment

The China-Hongkong relationship in telecommunications: a pluralistic analysis of mutual influences.

by Yan Zhaoxu.Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1992.Includes bibliographical references.LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES --- p.iiiABBREVIATIONS --- p.vINTRODUCTION --- p.1Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- TOWARD A PLURALISTIC APPROACH TO TELECOMMUNICATIONS --- p.10Chapter 1.1 --- "A Synthetic Review of Technological, Economic and Political Inquiries into Telecommunications" --- p.11Chapter 1.2 --- Toward a Pluralistic Approach to Telecommunications --- p.24Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- THE ANALYTIC FRAMEWORK OF THE CHINA-HONGKONG RELATIONSHIP IN TELECOMMUNICATIONS --- p.29Chapter 2.1 --- "Technological, Economic and Political Interdependence in International Telecommunications: An Extension of the Pluralistic Approach" --- p.30Chapter 2.2 --- The Analytic Framework of the China-Hongkong Relationship in Telecommunications --- p.37Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- TELECOMMUNICATIONS ENVIRONMENT IN CHINA： A POLICY-DRIVEN MODEL --- p.41Chapter 3.1 --- Policy Perspective --- p.41Chapter 3.2 --- Technology Perspective --- p.46Chapter 3.3 --- Market Perspective --- p.48Chapter 3.4 --- Changing Environment --- p.50Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- TELECOMMUNICATIONS ENVIRONMENT IN HONGKONG: A MARKET-DRIVEN MODEL --- p.61Chapter 4.1 --- Policy Perspective --- p.61Chapter 4.2 --- Technology Perspective --- p.66Chapter 4.3 --- Market Perspective --- p.70Chapter 4.4 --- Changing Environment --- p.73Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- THE CHINA´ؤHONGKONG RELATIONSHIP IN TELECOMMUNICATIONS I: A HISTORICAL BACKGROUND --- p.78Chapter CHAPTER 6 --- THE CHINA-HONGKONG RELATIONSHIP IN TELECOMMUNICATIONS II: THE HONGKONG INFLUENCES --- p.86Chapter 6.1 --- Trade with China in Telecommunications --- p.86Chapter 6.2 --- Direct Investment in and Technology Transfer to China's Telecommunications --- p.91Chapter 6.3 --- Political influence from Hongkong --- p.97Chapter 6.4 --- Assessing the Hongkong Influence --- p.100Chapter CHAPTER 7 --- THE CHINA-HONGKONG RELATIONSHIP IN TELECOMMUNICATIONS III: THE CHINA INFLUENCES --- p.104Chapter 7.1 --- Trade with Hongkong in Telecommunications --- p.104Chapter 7.2 --- Direct Investment in and Technology Transfer to Hongkong's Telecommunications --- p.107Chapter 7.3 --- Political Influence from China --- p.112Chapter 7.4 --- Assessing the China Influence --- p.116CONCLUSION --- p.122APPENDIX --- p.131BIBLIOGRPHY --- p.13

Unfair Competition on the Internet

Ms. Marike Vermeer studied at Utrecht University and the University of Oslo, Norway, and holds a law degree in Dutch and European law. After her studies, she worked for several years as a lawyer with Clifford Chance in Amsterdam and Brussels, whereby she specialized in telecommunications and IT law. Since 1998 she has been working as a research fellow with the Molengraaff lnstitute for Private Law of Utrecht University, conducting her Ph.D. research on Unfair Competition on the Internet. In 1998 Ms Vermeer was granted a fellowship with the Centre of Research and Studies of the Hague Academy of International Law on Telecommunications Law in a Global Environment. Currently she is conducting her Ph.D. research as a Fulbright scholar at Columbia Law School in New York. Ms Vermeer regularly publishes articles in Dutch law reviews

Unfair Competition on the Internet

Ms. Marike Vermeer studied at Utrecht University and the University of Oslo, Norway, and holds a law degree in Dutch and European law. After her studies, she worked for several years as a lawyer with Clifford Chance in Amsterdam and Brussels, whereby she specialized in telecommunications and IT law. Since 1998 she has been working as a research fellow with the Molengraaff lnstitute for Private Law of Utrecht University, conducting her Ph.D. research on Unfair Competition on the Internet. In 1998 Ms Vermeer was granted a fellowship with the Centre of Research and Studies of the Hague Academy of International Law on Telecommunications Law in a Global Environment. Currently she is conducting her Ph.D. research as a Fulbright scholar at Columbia Law School in New York. Ms Vermeer regularly publishes articles in Dutch law reviews