139 research outputs found

    On the Difficulty of Defining “Difficult” in Second-Language Vowel Acquisition

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    Hierarchies of difficulty in second-language (L2) phonology have long played a role in the postulation and evaluation of learning models. In L2 pronunciation teaching, hierarchies are assumed to be helpful in the development of instructional strategies based on anticipated areas of difficulty. This investigation addressed the practicality of defining a pedagogically useful hierarchy of difficulty for English tense and lax close vowels (/i I u ʊ/) produced by Cantonese speakers. Unlike their English counterparts, Cantonese close tense-lax pairs are allophonic variants with [i u] occurring before alveolars and [I ʊ] before velars. Each tense-lax pair represents a “phonemic split” in which members of a single L1 category are realized contrastively in L2. Despite evidence that English tense-lax distinctions are challenging for Cantonese speakers, no previous empirical work has closely considered the problem from the standpoint of vowel intelligibility across multiple phonetic contexts and in different words sharing the same rhyme. In a picture-based word-elicitation task, 18 Cantonese-speaking participants produced 31 high-frequency CV and CVC words. Vowels were evaluated for intelligibility by phonetically-trained judges. A series of mixed-effects binary logistic models were fitted to the scores, with vowel quality, phonetic context (rhyme) and word as factors, and length of Canadian residence and daily use of English as co-variates. As expected, the general hierarchy of difficulty for vowels that emerged (/i/ > /u/ > /ʊ/ > /I/) was complicated by large differences across phonetic contexts. Results were not readily explicable in terms of transfer; moreover, different words with the same rhyme were not produced with equal intelligibility. The most serious modeling complication was the sizeable inter-speaker variability in difficulties, which could not be accounted for by model co-variates. Although some difficulties were roughly systematic at the group level, it is argued that establishing a pedagogically useful hierarchy on such data would prove intractable. Rather, L2 learners might be better served by assessment and instructional targeting of their individual problem areas than by a focus on errors predicted from hierarchies of difficulty

    The phonological development of adult Japanese learners of English : a longitudinal study of perception and production.

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    SIGLEAvailable from British Library Document Supply Centre-DSC:DXN042757 / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreGBUnited Kingdo

    Spectrographic Analysis of Second Language Speech: Investigating the Effects of L1

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    Technological advances in Digital Signal Processing over the last decade have provided applied linguists with a number of computerized applications for speech analysis which can be of benefit to both the researcher and the instructor. This research project explores the techniques of speech spectrography and implements methods of acoustic phonetics to current issues in Second Language Acquisition theory. Specifically, the effects of vowel production in one\u27s native language on the targets in a second language are investigated. Acoustic measurements of English vowels spoken by Japanese students were compared with measurements of native Japanese vowels and American English vowels. In addition, these data were compared with measurements of learner speech from a variety of native language backgrounds. Vowels from both groups of non-native English speakers showed tendencies toward the center of the vowel space. The less-experienced group showed greater token-to-token variability across height parameters than across frontedness parameters while the more experienced group showed no difference for parameters. Both groups exhibited greater frontedness than height variability between speakers which can be explained in part by differences in vocal tract size. In addition, Flege\u27s Speech Learning Model was tested. Data did not support the hypothesis that similar vowels are more difficult to produce than different vowels. ANOVA tests showed that large LI vowel inventories do not advantage learners of languages with many vowels. The results suggest that the unique qualities of L2 speech may have more to do with developmental processes than L 1 interference

    Directions for the future of technology in pronunciation research and teaching

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    This paper reports on the role of technology in state-of-the-art pronunciation research and instruction, and makes concrete suggestions for future developments. The point of departure for this contribution is that the goal of second language (L2) pronunciation research and teaching should be enhanced comprehensibility and intelligibility as opposed to native-likeness. Three main areas are covered here. We begin with a presentation of advanced uses of pronunciation technology in research with a special focus on the expertise required to carry out even small-scale investigations. Next, we discuss the nature of data in pronunciation research, pointing to ways in which future work can build on advances in corpus research and crowdsourcing. Finally, we consider how these insights pave the way for researchers and developers working to create research-informed, computer-assisted pronunciation teaching resources. We conclude with predictions for future developments

    Contribution of prosodic timing patterns into perceived foreign accent

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    Polyanskaya L. Contribution of prosodic timing patterns into perceived foreign accent. Bielefeld: UniversitĂ€tsbibliothek Bielefeld; 2015.Wenn Menschen eine Fremdsprache lernen, verbessert sich mit den allgemeinen Fortschritten in deren Beherrschung auch die Kontrolle der Timingmechanismen beim Sprechen in der Fremdsprache. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es herauszufinden, ob diese VerĂ€nderungen perzeptiv relevant sind, und ob die verbesserte Kontrolle der Timingmechanismen bei fortgeschrittenen Sprachlernern deren wahrgenommenen Akzent reduziert. Sprachspezifische Unterschiede in prosodischen Timingmustern sind gut dokumentiert. So weisen etwa die Dauern von vokalischen und konsonantischen Intervallen in den Sprachen, die traditionell als betonungszĂ€hlend klassifiziert werden, eine höhere VariabilitĂ€t auf als in Sprachen, die traditionell als silbenzĂ€hlend klassifiziert werden. SilbenzĂ€hlende Sprachen weisen außerdem eine höhere Sprechrate auf als betonungszĂ€hlende Sprachen. DarĂŒber hinaus zeigen Untersuchungen zu verschiedenen Sprachen, dass Nichtmuttersprachler eine geringere Sprechrate und niedrigere VariabilitĂ€t im Timing gesprochener Äußerungen aufweisen als Muttersprachler. Diese Unterschiede beeinflussen die VerstĂ€ndlichkeit von gesprochenen Äußerungen von Nichtmuttersprachlern sowie deren wahrgenommenen fremdsprachlichen Akzent (FA). Allerdings sind die Geschwindigkeit – gemessen in sprachlichen Intervallen pro Zeiteinheit – und die VariabilitĂ€t der Dauern dieser Intervalle in gesprochenen Äußerungen miteinander korreliert: Je höher die Sprechgeschwindigkeit ist, desto geringer ist die VariabilitĂ€t der Intervalldauern. Dies wirkt sich auch in der Wahrnehmung aus. Daraus ergibt sich die Frage, in welchem Maß beide Faktoren zur Wahrnehmung eines FA bei Nichtmuttersprachlern beitragen. Um diese Frage zu beantworten, mĂŒssen beide Faktoren isoliert betrachtet werden. Tempo und TimingvariabilitĂ€t beim Sprechen einer Fremdsprache erhöhen sich im Verlauf von deren Erwerb, unabhĂ€ngig davon, ob sich Mutter- und Fremdsprache (im Folgenden: L1 und L2) hinsichtlich ihrer Timingcharakteristika unterscheiden. Der Grad dieser VerĂ€nderung sollte folglich auch die StĂ€rke des wahrgenommenen FA reflektieren. Wenn die Timingunterschiede perzeptiv relevant sind, sollten Äußerungen, deren Timingmuster der eines fortgeschrittenen L2-Lerners entsprechen, als schwĂ€cher akzentuiert wahrgenommen werden als solche, deren Timingmuster denen eines AnfĂ€ngers entsprechen, auch wenn spektrale und intonatorische Unterschiede eliminiert werden. Dabei wird die Frage zu klĂ€ren sein, in welchem Maß die beiden Faktoren Tempo und TimingvariabilitĂ€t den wahrgenommenen FA beeinflussen. Grundannahme dieser Arbeit ist, dass der Einfluss der VariabilitĂ€t geringer ist, wenn L1 und L2 Ă€hnliche Timingcharakteristika haben. In dieser Arbeit werden die Timingmuster von deutschen und französischen Lernern des Englischen hinsichtlich ihres Einflusses auf den wahrgenommenen FA untersucht, wobei zusĂ€tzlich jeweils AnfĂ€nger und fortgeschrittene Lerner getestet werden. Die Timingcharakteristika des Deutschen Ă€hneln denen des Englischen, wĂ€hrend sich das Französische in dieser Hinsicht deutlich vom Englischen unterscheidet. Daraus ergeben sich zwei Hypothesen: (1) Im Englischen fortgeschrittener deutscher Lerner (gegenĂŒber AnfĂ€ngern) Ă€ußert sich die Reduktion des wahrgenommenen FA stĂ€rker in einer Erhöhung der Sprechrate; (2) Bei französischen Englischlernern spielt die TimingvariabilitĂ€t eine grĂ¶ĂŸere Rolle als die VerĂ€nderung der Sprechrate im Verlauf des Spracherwerbs. Diese Hypothesen wurden anhand von vier Forschungsfragen ĂŒberprĂŒft: 1. Nehmen Muttersprachler der Zielsprache (Englisch) Unterschiede im Timing gesprochener Äußerungen zwischen AnfĂ€ngern und fortgeschrittenen Englischlernern wahr? 2. Korreliert die Reduktion des wahrgenommenen FA mit den VerĂ€nderungen der Timingmuster im Verlauf des L2-Erwerbs? 3. Welche Anteile haben die einzelnen Faktoren Sprechtempo und TimingvariabilitĂ€t am wahrgenommenen FA? 4. Zeigen sich hinsichtlich der separaten Anteile von Sprechtempo und TimingvariabilitĂ€t am wahrgenommenen FA Unterschiede zwischen Lernern mit typologisch unterschiedlichen Muttersprachen? In dieser Arbeit wird ĂŒber die Ergebnisse von drei Wahrnehmungsexperimenten berichtet, die zur Beantwortung der Forschungsfragen durchgefĂŒhrt wurden. Die Arbeit ist wie folgt strukturiert: Im ersten Kapitel werden der theoretische Hintergrund vorgestellt und die Arbeitshypothesen erlĂ€utert. Das Kapitel beginnt mit einer Definition des Begriffs „FA“ und einer Diskussion der wichtigsten Faktoren, die zur Wahrnehmung des FA beitragen. Dabei wird auch ein kurzer Überblick ĂŒber Modelle des Zweitspracherwerbs gegeben. Weiterhin werden segmentale und prosodische Unterschiede zwischen L1 und L2 und deren Einfluss auf den wahrgenommenen FA diskutiert, und es wird erörtert, wie diese Unterschiede in verschiedenen Modellen des Zweitspracherwerbs erklĂ€rt werden. Zudem wird es auch auf die Frage eingegangen, ob segmentale oder prosodische Faktoren einen grĂ¶ĂŸeren Einfluss auf den wahrgenommenen FA haben. Schließlich folgt eine Diskussion des Prosodiebegriffs, unter Einbeziehung der Subsysteme Betonung, Intonation und Timing. Im Besonderen wird auf Timingmuster eingegangen, wobei der Fokus darauf liegt, wie Timing in gesprochener Sprache gemessen werden kann, wie Sprechrate und TimingvariabilitĂ€t zusammenhĂ€ngen, und wie Timingunterschiede zwischen Muttersprachlern und Sprachlernern die Wahrnehmung von FA beeinflussen. Anschließend an diese Diskussion wird die oben eingefĂŒhrten Arbeitshypothesen formuliert und motiviert. In den Kapiteln 3, 4 und 5 werden die einzelnen Wahrnehmungsexperimente beschrieben, im letzten Kapitel zusammengefasst und diskutiert. Die Ergebnisse der Experimente stĂŒtzen die oben eingefĂŒhrte Hypothese und können wie folgt zusammengefasst werden: 1. Muttersprachler nehmen die Unterschiede zwischen den Timingmustern in den L2-Produktionen fortgeschrittener und weniger fortgeschrittener Sprachlerner wahr. Sie tendieren jedoch dazu, Unterschiede in der VariabilitĂ€t in Klassifikationsaufgaben und in nichtsprachlichen Stimuli zu ignorieren. Je natĂŒrlicher und sprachĂ€hnlicher die Stimuli sind, desto stĂ€rker werden Unterschiede in der TimingvariabilitĂ€t wahrgenommen. 2. Die StĂ€rke des wahrgenommenen FA korreliert, wie vorhergesagt, mit VerĂ€nderungen in Sprechtempo und TimingvariabilitĂ€t, die mit steigender Kompetenz in der L2 einhergehen. Fortgeschrittenere Sprecher sprechen schneller und mit höherer VariabilitĂ€t von sowohl Vokal- als auch Silbendauern. Äußerungen mit höherem Sprechtempo und höherer TimingvariabilitĂ€t werden von Muttersprachlern des Englischen als weniger stark akzentuiert wahrgenommen. 3. Der kombinierte Beitrag von Sprechtempo und TimingvariabilitĂ€t zum wahrgenommenen FA ist grĂ¶ĂŸer als die Summe der Effekte beider Faktoren in Isolation. Experimente, in denen jeweils einer der beiden Faktoren kontrolliert wird, zeigen, dass beide zum wahrgenommenen FA beitragen. 4. Die relative Gewichtung beider Faktoren hĂ€ngt davon ab, ob L1 und L2 hinsichtlich ihrer Timingcharakteristika Ă€hnlich oder verschieden sind. Wenn sich L1 und L2, wie im Fall von Französich und Englisch, stark unterscheiden, ist der Beitrag der VariabilitĂ€t grĂ¶ĂŸer; wenn sich L1 und L2 hinsichtlich ihrer Timingcharakteristika Ă€hneln – wie im Fall von Deutsch und Englisch – spielt das Sprechtempo fĂŒr die Wahrnehmung des FA die wichtigere Rolle

    Reactions to second language speech: Influences of discrete speech characteristics, rater experience, and speaker first language background

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    This study investigates how Mandarin and Slavic language speakers’ comprehensibility, accentedness, and fluency ratings, as assigned by experienced teacher-raters and novice raters, align with discrete linguistic measures, and raters’ accounts of influences on their scoring. In addition to examining mean ratings in relation to rater experience and speaker first language background, we correlated ratings with segmental, prosodic, and temporal measures. Introspective reports were segmented, coded, enumerated, and submitted to loglinear analysis to elucidate influences on ratings. Results showed that ratings were strongly correlated with prosodic goodness and moderately correlated with segmental errors, implying the importance of both segmentals and prosody in L2 speech ratings. Experienced teacher-raters provided lengthier reports than novice raters, producing more comments for all coded categories where an error was identified except for pausing (a dysfluency marker). This may be because novice raters observed little else about the speech or struggled to pinpoint or articulate other features

    The systematicity of vowel realizations in Hong Kong English.

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    Law, Wai Ling.Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2009.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 170-180).Abstract also in Chinese.Title Page --- p.iAbstract --- p.ii摘芁 --- p.iiiAcknowledgements --- p.ivTable of Contents --- p.v-viiChapter 1 Introduction --- p.1Chapter 1.1 --- Background --- p.1Chapter 1.2 --- The focus of this thesis --- p.4Chapter 1.3 --- The structure of this thesis --- p.4Chapter Chapter 2 --- Literature Review --- p.6Chapter 2.1 --- A changing scene: The use of English worldwide --- p.6Chapter 2.1.1 --- Some old pictures and present fallacies --- p.7Chapter 2.1.1.1 --- Fallacy one - Native English(es) as the starting point and the end point --- p.8Chapter 2.1.1.2 --- Fallacy two - The stability of native models --- p.10Chapter 2.1.1.3 --- Fallacy three - The unarguable definite intelligibility of native varieties --- p.13Chapter 2.1.2 --- English as an international language - The legitimacy of New Englishes --- p.15Chapter 2.2 --- Theoretical frameworks and research findings on HKE --- p.18Chapter 2.2.1 --- Approaches in describing the systems of non-native varieties --- p.18Chapter 2.2.2 --- The phonology of HKE --- p.20Chapter 2.2.2.1 --- The significance of L1 transfer from Cantonese --- p.20Chapter 2.2.2.2 --- HKE as an independent phonological system --- p.26Chapter 2.2.2.3 --- The importance of scrutiny of phonological factors --- p.32Chapter 2.2.3 --- The need for a variation analysis of HKE in bridging the gap --- p.37Chapter 2.2.4 --- Pilot studies --- p.45Chapter 2.3 --- English and Cantonese Phonologies --- p.48Chapter 2.3.1 --- English phonology --- p.48Chapter 2.3.2 --- Cantonese phonology --- p.51Chapter 2.4 --- Research questions --- p.60Chapter Chapter 3 --- Methodology --- p.65Chapter 3.1 --- Research setting & selection of participants --- p.65Chapter 3.2 --- The participants --- p.69Chapter 3.3 --- Research design --- p.71Chapter 3.3.1 --- Data collection --- p.71Chapter 3.3.2 --- Procedures --- p.73Chapter 3.3.3 --- Data processing --- p.74Chapter 3.3.4 --- Data analysis --- p.76Chapter Chapter 4 --- Results --- p.85Chapter 4.1 --- Description of the analysis --- p.85Chapter 4.2 --- Independent variables - Effects of factor groups on vowel productions --- p.97Chapter 4.2.1 --- Proficiency --- p.97Chapter 4.2.2 --- Speaker --- p.98Chapter 4.2.3 --- Stress --- p.101Chapter 4.2.4 --- Number of syllables --- p.102Chapter 4.2.5 --- Preceding phonological environment --- p.103Chapter 4.2.6 --- Following phonological environment --- p.113Chapter 4.3 --- Dependent variables - The effects of interactions of factor groups on vowel realizations --- p.116Chapter 4.3.1 --- Long vowels --- p.116Chapter 4.3.2 --- Diphthongs --- p.118Chapter 4.3.3 --- Short vowels --- p.120Chapter 4.4 --- A comparison of behaviour of long vowelsdiphthongs and short vowels --- p.123Chapter Chapter --- 5 Discussion --- p.129Chapter 5.1 --- Addressing the research questions --- p.130Chapter 5.2 --- Following phonological environment --- p.133Chapter 5.2.1 --- L1 transfer from Cantonese --- p.133Chapter 5.2.1.1 --- Transfer of Cantonese phonological rules and phonotactic constraints --- p.134Chapter 5.2.1.2 --- Effect of sonority distance --- p.140Chapter 5.2.1.3 --- Further evidence on interaction of Cantonese and English phonology --- p.146Chapter 5.3 --- Preceding phonological environment --- p.147Chapter 5.4 --- Stress --- p.151Chapter 5.5 --- Number of syllables --- p.153Chapter 5.6 --- Ranking of constraints in HKE phonology --- p.154Chapter 5.7 --- Implications of insignificance of proficiency and speaker --- p.156Chapter Chapter 6 --- "Implications, LimitationsDirections of Future Research and Conclusion" --- p.159Chapter 6.1 --- Implications --- p.159Chapter 6.1.1 --- Future investigations into New Englishes --- p.160Chapter 6.1.2 --- Language planning --- p.162Chapter 6.2 --- Limitations of the present study --- p.165Chapter 6.3 --- Directions of future research --- p.167Chapter 6.4 --- Conclusion --- p.169References --- p.170Appendix 1 Questionnaire of personal information --- p.181Appendix 2 Conversational interview prompting questions --- p.18

    Benefits of visual feedback on segmental production in the L2 classroom

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    While a growing body of research has established the benefits of pronunciation training on second language (L2) production, these benefits have yet to be incorporated into the general skills language classroom in a systematic manner. Furthermore, although relatively new speech analysis software has been shown to be useful in providing visual feedback for L2 suprasegmental (i.e., intonation) production, there is a relative lack of research on its potential implementation for segmental instruction. The current paper presents a systematic analysis of the effectiveness of a visual feedback paradigm (VFP), in an L2 Spanish classroom, as a pedagogical method for pronunciation teaching at the segmental level (i.e., Spanish intervocalic stops). Results demonstrate a significant improvement of L2 stop production relative to a control group receiving traditional pronunciation feedback. Furthermore, findings demonstrate that VFP leads to small incremental gains. Discussion addresses the role of VFP on segmental production and the potential practical implementations of visual feedback in the lower-level, general skills language classroom

    The Effect of Speech Elicitation Method on Second Language Phonemic Accuracy

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    The present study, a One-Group Posttest-Only Repeated-Measures Design, examined the effect of speech elicitation method on second language (L2) phonemic accuracy of high functional load initial phonemes found in frequently occurring nouns in American English. This effect was further analyzed by including the variable of first language (L1) to determine if L1 moderated any effects found. The data consisted of audio recordings of 61 adult English learners (ELs) enrolled in English for Academic Purposes (EAP) courses at a large, public, post-secondary institution in the United States. Phonemic accuracy was judged by two independent raters as either approximating a standard American English (SAE) pronunciation of the intended phoneme or not, thus a dichotomous scale, and scores were assigned to each participant in terms of the three speech elicitation methods of word reading, word repetition, and picture naming. Results from a repeated measures ANOVA test revealed a statistically significant difference in phonemic accuracy (F(1.47, 87.93) = 25.94, p = .000) based on speech elicitation method, while the two-factor mixed design ANOVA test indicated no statistically significant differences for the moderator variable of native language. However, post-hoc analyses revealed that mean scores of picture naming tasks differed significantly from the other two elicitation methods of word reading and word repetition. Moreover, the results of this study should heighten attention to the role that various speech elicitation methods, or input modalities, might play on L2 productive accuracy. Implications for practical application suggest that caution should be used when utilizing pictures to elicit specific vocabulary words–even high-frequency words–as they might result in erroneous productions or no utterance at all. These methods could inform pronunciation instructors about best teaching practices when pronunciation accuracy is the objective. Finally, the impact of L1 on L2 pronunciation accuracy might not be as important as once thought
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