A review of artificial intelligence technologies in mineral identification : classification and visualization

Artificial intelligence is a branch of computer science that attempts to understand the essence of intelligence and produce a new intelligent machine capable of responding in a manner similar to human intelligence. Research in this area includes robotics, language recognition, image identification, natural language processing, and expert systems. In recent years, the availability of large datasets, the development of effective algorithms, and access to powerful computers have led to unprecedented success in artificial intelligence. This powerful tool has been used in numerous scientific and engineering fields including mineral identification. This paper summarizes the methods and techniques of artificial intelligence applied to intelligent mineral identification based on research, classifying the methods and techniques as artificial neural networks, machine learning, and deep learning. On this basis, visualization analysis is conducted for mineral identification of artificial intelligence from field development paths, research hot spots, and keywords detection, respectively. In the end, based on trend analysis and keyword analysis, we propose possible future research directions for intelligent mineral identification.The National Natural Science Foundation of China.https://www.mdpi.com/journal/jsanElectrical, Electronic and Computer Engineerin

Climate Change and Marine Geological Dynamics

The tendency for climate to change has been one of the most surprising outcomes of the study of Earth's history. Marine geoscience can reveal valuable information about past environments, climates, and biota just before, during and after each climate perturbation. Particularly, certain intervals of geological records are windows to key episodes in the climate history of the Earth–life system. Ιn this regard, the detailed analyses of such time intervals are challenging and rewarding for environmental reconstruction and climate modelling, because they provide documentation and better understanding of a warmer-than-present world, and opportunities to test and refine the predictive ability of climate models. Marine geological dynamics such as sea-level changes, hydrographic parameters, water quality, sedimentary cyclicity, and (paleo)climate are strongly related through a direct exchange between the oceanographic and atmospheric systems. The increasing attention paid to this wide topic is also motivated by the interplay of these processes across a variety of settings (coastal to open marine) and timescales (early Cenozoic to modern). In order to realize the full predictive value of these warm (fresh)/cold (salty) intervals in Earth's history, it is important to have reliable tools (e.g., integrated geochemical, paleontological and/or paleoceanographic proxies) through the application of multiple, independent, and novel techniques (e.g., TEX86, UK’37, Mg/Ca, Na/Ca, Δ47, and μCT) for providing reliable hydroclimate reconstructions at both local and global scales

Three-dimensional geological modelling of the lithofacies of Caddo Limestone in Stephens County, North-Central Texas

The Pennsylvanian (early Desmoinesian) Caddo Limestone in Stephens County, Texas hosts important reservoirs and hydrocarbon resources. Therefore, constructing a three-dimensional geological model of the Caddo Limestone is of great significance. The Caddo Limestone Formation comprises shelf carbonate build-ups in which the major allochems are phylloid algal and Komia. This study focuses on the uppermost two cycles of the Caddo Limestone. This study integrated geological, geophysical and petrophysical analysis to build a three-dimensional geological model of the Caddo Limestone. The model is based on 18 cores (totalling 700 ft long), wireline logs from 173 wells and 3-dimensional seismic data. A 3D structure model derived from 3D seismic data and 3D geocellular model of lithofacies are the two key products of this study. Five lithofacies have been differentiated: (1) Komia wackestone and mud-dominated packstone, (2) Phylloid-algal wackestone and packstone, (3) Bioclastic wackestone to packstone, (4) Komia grainstone and grain-dominated packstone, and (5) Komia boundstone. An artificial Neutral Network (ANN) algorithm was applied to predict lithofacies in wells without core samples. The lithofacies were extrapolated within the geocellular model using indicator Kriging. This work demonstrated a viable workflow to build 3D reservoir models of Paleozoic carbonate mound reservoirs.Geological Science

Tracing back the source of contamination

From the time a contaminant is detected in an observation well, the question of where and when the contaminant was introduced in the aquifer needs an answer. Many techniques have been proposed to answer this question, but virtually all of them assume that the aquifer and its dynamics are perfectly known. This work discusses a new approach for the simultaneous identification of the contaminant source location and the spatial variability of hydraulic conductivity in an aquifer which has been validated on synthetic and laboratory experiments and which is in the process of being validated on a real aquifer

Improved carbonate reservoir characterisation : a case study from the mid-Cretaceous Mishrif reservoir in the giant West Qurna/1 oilfield, Southern Iraq

The mid-Cretaceous Mishrif carbonate reservoir in West Qurna/1 oilfield is characterized by strong heterogeneity, tidal channels, and a complicated faults system which have very strong effects on the fluid flow and can result in unrealistic forecasted behaviour of the reservoir. The central hypothesis of this thesis is that two-dimensional seismic data and well data do not delineate the reservoir channels sufficiently and their variable fairway patterns. Hence, there is a need for a high-resolution 3D seismic dataset to explore reservoir characterisation including channel geometries more accurately. This thesis focuses mainly on porosity characterisation of the Mishrif channelized reservoir. It aims to delineate the Mishrif channel fairways with their intrinsic complexity then characterize the channel fairway’s reservoir properties, such as the porosity, and lithology, especially in new areas that have no well control. The thesis project was divided into three stages. The first stage focuses on the seismic reservoir characterisation of one of the Middle East's largest complex carbonate reservoirs in the West Qurna/1 oilfield, which hosts a complex internal architecture characterized by several tidal channels whose deposits may give good reservoir properties. In the second stage, multisource data was used to establish the essential workflow elements for characterizing Mishrif tidal channel fairways. The final stage incorporates 3D seismic data as a secondary variable into the property modelling to explore a more channels distribution using a combined dataset workflow. It was concluded that the seismic inversion interpretation demonstrates promising results, with the model-based inversion performing better than the linear programming sparse spike (LPSS). We interpreted the lithological variation in the Mishrif mA zone based on the model-based inversion, including high-energy corals, mounds, and rudist shoal facies that were not observed previously. Also, we noticed that the seismically derived porosity improved our understanding by providing the realistic distribution of the Mishrif channel's porosity. A variety of approaches has been suggested to characterizing the Mishrif carbonate tidal channels. It was observed that well data analysis and thin section micrographs provided a good understanding of Mishrif channelized facies. Also, modern channels and outcrop scales were highly valuable in acquiring information for the comparison with channel fairways detected in the Mishrif reservoir. Our study found that spectral decomposition with the colour blending of three frequency intervals provides a better geo-body extraction of the Mishrif mB1 channelized zone than the other seismic attribute surfaces. We analysed the results of the probabilistic neural network PNN algorithm and found that the Mishrif mB1 zone is clustered into two different heterogeneity-quality lithofacies (channels and restricted lagoon facies). We incorporated seismic inversion into the 3D property model with a different weighting of the correlation coefficients in the mB1 channelized zone. Thus, we observed that the constrained model combining well log data and seismic data as a secondary variable yields better channel fairway delineation with a moderate correlation coefficient weighting, and high weighting impacted the channel distribution. The findings of this thesis can be applied in other scenarios, such as contaminant transport in groundwater resources, or CO2 storage

Dynamic responses of Indian Summer Monsoon variability during past warm intervals

The South Asian or Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) is an iconic reflection of land-ocean-atmosphere inter- actions on Earth, affecting over a billion people. Future predictions of northern hemisphere monsoon rainfall are fraught with large uncertainties in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports. To better understand monsoon rainfall pattern/behaviours in future, we need to investigate its response to cli- matic drivers, including past warm intervals. We present multi-proxy geochemical and vegetation records of monsoon variability from the Bay of Bengal using sediment sequences recovered during the Integrated Ocean Discovery Programme (IODP) expedition 353. We utilise these multi-proxy records to assess re- sponses of ISM dynamics to past warming by comparing Holocene and last interglacial warm intervals at sub-millennial timescale. We integrate proxies’ records and intermediate complexity climate model outputs to present evidence for heterogenous rainfall pattern across global tropical landmasses when comparing the Holocene and last interglacial warm intervals. We also find regional differences in monsoon rainfall pattern along with changing loci of the precipitation when comparing these warm intervals. Further, we will present results of seasonal rainfall variability extremes, inferred from continental and marine proxy data, covering cool and warm climate states of the late Pleistocene

Michigan Geology: A Bibliography, March 2016

The Michigan Geological Survey produced a historic Index of Michigan Geology with an extensive bibliography in 1956. This current bibliography is an update of the bibliography in the Martin and Straight compilation. It is not comprehensive, but provides a starting place for anyone interested in Michigan Geology. The Michigan Geological Survey plans to update this bibliography periodically with newly published citations as well as other older citations we find

Michigan Geology: A Bibliography, March 2016

The Michigan Geological Survey produced a historic Index of Michigan Geology with an extensive bibliography in 1956. This current bibliography is an update of the bibliography in the Martin and Straight compilation. It is not comprehensive, but provides a starting place for anyone interested in Michigan Geology. The Michigan Geological Survey plans to update this bibliography periodically with newly published citations as well as other older citations we find