Three Positivisms

In this article, I accept and hope to expand upon the conventional consensus view that The Path of the Law is a brief for an Americanized version of Austinian legal positivism and for the separation of law and morality that is at its core. I also want to show, however, that the distinctive accomplishment of this Essay is its literary ambiguity: Both its explicit arguments for the positivist separation of law and morality, and the three enduring metaphors Holmes uses to make the case -- (1) the bad man from whose perspective we can clearly view the law; (2) the prophecies of judicial acts of power that are in the end all that is meant by law; and (3) the bath of cynical acid after which we will clearly perceive the law\u27s contours -- support not one but at least three -- and possibly more -- understandings of, or interpretations of, legal positivism. Further, the differences between those three versions, although in important respects philosophical and political, are at bottom, perhaps, aesthetic. Each of the three positivisms foreshadowed in the Essay posit not only an analytic or philosophical relationship between law and morality, but also an aesthetic coloration of social life. They are very very different, and how we react to them, and which of the three we see or which we see most clearly, at any given time, says as much about the tenor of our times as it says about the Essay itself

If These Walls Could Talk

A personal account of a summer spent learning about historic preservation

The Fate of Their Country: Politicians, Slavery Extension, and the Coming of the Civil War

Reconstructing the Big Apple Piecing together the new nation David Quigley\u27s book rests on three initially counterintuitive yet ultimately persuasive claims: a) Reconstruction was a Northern affair as well as a Southern ordeal, b) the North needed a reconstruction of its politica...

19th Century Development of Refrigeration in The American Meat Packing Industry

The United States, particularly the city of Chicago, proved to be the center for the development of modern refrigeration. The meat-packing industry of Chicago was known worldwide and proved to be the forefront for technological development in refrigeration. Certain technologies such as refrigerated railway cars and cold storage facilities proved to be monumental to advancement in the industry. The invention of the refrigerator car revolutionized the industry by providing efficient and reliable transport for chilled, packaged meat and removed the old system of transporting livestock, saving immeasurable amounts of money. Cold storage facilities revolutionized the industry through providing efficient year-round storage for packaged meat as well as year-round meat for consumers. Through the work of various meat packing giants, revolutionization of refrigerator technology was made possible. Chicago meat packing titans such as Armour, Hammond, and Swift were key to the development of this transformation. This paper analyzes the development of Chicago’s meat packing industry and its role in refrigeration, and the invention of these key technologies. By analyzing the development of refrigerated transport and cold storage facilities it’s possible to understand that the local and global success of the meat-packing industry was due to the constant evolution of refrigeration technology spanning decades in the United States from the 19th century to the early 20th century

Ethical Foundations Revisited

In this article I argue that “civility” lies at the foundation of ethics. Ethics is relationship permeated and finds meaning in civil behavior by acknowledging the dignity and importance of others. Civility lifts personal narcissism from the boundary of the self outward to other human beings

Barriers to Usable Security? Three Organizational Case Studies

Usable security assumes that when security functions are more usable, people are more likely to use them, leading to an improvement in overall security. Existing software design and engineering processes provide little guidance for leveraging this in the development of applications. Three case studies explore organizational attempts to provide usable security products

All Rise: Factors Affecting Decision Making of United States Supreme Court Justices

Despite the widespread perception that judges are not political beings and should rule in an impartial manner, it seems that discourse surrounding the Supreme Court is more partisan than ever, and that the Justices themselves are ruling in a partisan manner. What factors make Supreme Court Justices rule in a partisan manner? In order to find out, I examine the ideological direction of each Justice’s vote in each Supreme Court case from 1946 to 2019 in light of factors concerning the individual Justice such as their political party affiliation and the party of the President who appointed them. I find that Republican judges appointed by Republican presidents tend to rule in a conservative manner. Likewise, Democratic judges appointed by Democratic presidents tend to rule in a more liberal fashion

The Diamond, January 18, 1965

Dordt College Student Association Proposed; Dordt Appreciation Week to be Held in Early February; Eagle Grove Outplays Dordt, 89 to 69; Dordt Beats Northwestern J.V. 73-63; Crossfire; Letter to the Editor; The Soul of Mexico To be Shown Feb. 5; Spectrum; Canadian Affairs; Athletes\u27 Feats; Intramural Scene; Touchstone; Student Literary Publication in Initial Stage; Pre-Sem Club Hosts President of Calvin Seminary; Thalians Sponsor Dramatic Presentation; Welfare Discussed in Political Science Club; Theosophy; Column 7; Les Beaux Arts; HOLD IT!!!; Grant Reflective of Dordt\u27s Growth; Registration Procedures Shift; Dr. Kromminga Visits Dordt; Graduate Business Exam to be Held February 6; Graduate Record Exam Given Jan. 16; Club Provides Food for Mind and Body; Editorial; Re: Christianity and Educationhttps://digitalcollections.dordt.edu/dordt_diamond/1483/thumbnail.jp