Roles for Government and The Private Sector:Electronic Commerce in Singapore

Electronic commerce will be built on existing technologyinfrastructure of computers, communication networks, and communication software to form the information superhighway. The building of this information superhighway however, cannot be done by the government alone. While the use of the Internet for commercehas been coincidental, it must now be further developed based on a strong partnership involving the government, the industry, and the users. Both the government and the private sector play a vital role in supporting the pillars of the electronic commerce framework. An understanding of the roles of government as facilitator and that of the private sector as business strategists for electronic commerce to flourish and mature will enable us to further refine future strategic models of electronic commerce framework

The Environment Factors Analysis of Electronic Commerce Credit System in China

This essay raises that the problem of credit lacking is the major reason which hinders the development of electronic commerce in China through investigating the existing environment in our electronic commerce. The credit problem of electronic commerce is showed in three aspects: the reliability of information flow, security of currency payment and the reliability of service and commodity delivery. From the practical environment of the Chinese cultural moral tradition , the planned economy transferring to the market economy and the analysis of the electronic commerce in social environmental system in which the China’s government changes its duty, there are six key system factors will influence the credit environments: technological standardization, laws and regulations, cultural morality, property right institution, government， and information delivery and open scheme. This essay Sets up two models of structure model and dynamic model for electrical commercial credit system analysis. The focus is to discuss the effect of this system factors’ relationship among laws and regulations, credit cultural morality’s influence on electronic commerce, property rights institution and the functions government takes a role in setting up the credit syste

A macro-economic perspective on electronic commerce policy and strategy in government, corporate, small, medium and micro enterprises sectors : an exploratory analysis

M.Comm.This study aims to provide information on the macroeconomic impact of electronic commerce and its effects on business, consumer and government sectors. Electronic commerce as a new phenomenon has the potential to bring substantial benefits to government, businesses and consumers. Developed countries such as the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom have had an experience of electronic commerce for the last ten years. Electronic commerce is the catchall phrase for many advances in technology centred on the Internet, and heralds fundamental changes for the world economy. The expansion of the Internet globally has made it an ideal means to conduct commercial transactions. The Internet is being used more and more to advertise and sell goods and service globally. Electronic commerce is an instrument that is handy to globalise trade among countries and nations. It has become highly possible to conduct business transactions with all parts of the world that have access to Internet, without being physically there. The transactions take place technologically. The use of Internet and the World Wide Web is creating a revolution in the manner in which business transactions are conducted. The increase in the number of users is taking place at a rapid pace, especially in the developed economies. It is estimated that there are now more than 150 million users, and the figure increases by more than 50 000 on a daily basis (UNCTAD, 1999:55). More than half of the current user population is located in the United States of America, but the geographical spread is fast diversifying. Even developing countries are now having an access to the Internet. Revenue attributed to electronic commerce is still relatively small though it is projected to grow over the years. Empirical evidence about the use of electronic commerce is largely confined to developed countries, though developing countries are now using it. It shows that in several sectors, which include financial services, tourism, books, music and entertainment industry, the digital revolution is spreading rapidly. This also shows that many aspects of governments' dealings with communities, international project management and consultancy work are increasingly being facilitated by electronic operations. The United States has developed the Global Information Infrastructure, which is seen as a global marketplace, to enable it to reach every comer of the globe on trade. This development is based on the following principles:- • Private sector leadership The private sector is leading the development of electronic commerce and the Internet, though the government assisted with bulk financing. Innovation, expanded services, broader participation, and lower prices will arise in a market-driven arena, not in an environment that operates as a regulated industry. The American government is encouraging industry self-regulation whenever appropriate, and supports all initiatives and efforts of the private sector to develop mechanisms to facilitate the successful operation of the Internet and electronic commerce. • Government to avoid undue restrictions on electronic commerce The government has not intervened when business transactions on goods and services are effected across the Internet. The government is of the view that intervention and unnecessary regulation of commercial activities will distort the development of an electronic marketplace by decreasing supply and raising the cost of goods and services for consumers globally. The United States government has further undertaken to refrain from imposing new regulations, bureaucratic procedures, or taxes and tariffs on commercial activities that take place via the Internet. • Minimum government intervention when necessary The government will intervene to support and enforce a predictable, consistent and simple legal environment for commerce. In some areas it will be necessary for government to play a minimal role where consumers have to be protected

The Mapping of Electronic Commerce Issues and Consumer Protection Policy in Indonesia

In the post-economic crisis in 1998, Indonesia experienced significant economic growth. Public consumption activities have become vulnerable due to open economic activities. In this case, the government has issued Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection to protect consumers in fulfilling their needs. In September 2020, the Central Statistics Agency recorded that the millennial generation and generation Z dominate the population structure in Indonesia. This population structure also changes consumption patterns due to their lifestyle, including trends in electronic commerce or e-commerce. This study explores how consumer incidents relate to electronic commerce or e-commerce activities. It also strives to see the government’s role in formulating policies related to consumer protection in electronic commerce or e-commerce. This study used the descriptive qualitative method of policy analysis. The findings of this study indicate that responsive policies are needed to minimize consumer incidents and strengthen cross-ministerial/institutional coordination related to consumer protection with ministries/agencies coordinating consumer protection

Globalization and E-Commerce VIII: Environment and Policy in Taiwan

The international environment is the most important factor that drives the diffusion of B2B e-commerce in Taiwan. The digital information network that enables supply-chain management is used by Taiwanese firms as a means to protect their position in global production. National environment elements, such as telecommunication infrastructures and human resources, are useful reinforcing factors, but not powerful enough to drive the whole process. Government policies play a role only to the extent that they encourage a certain approach to e-commerce solutions. In the case of B2C e-commerce, Internet penetration among the general population is a precondition for diffusion. On-line security concerning trading and payment is critical for the acceptance of electronic commerce by Internet users and the national environment is crucial in this regard. Nevertheless, the most effective driver for the diffusion of electronic trade appears to be innovation of the right products. Without such products, the diffusion of e-commerce will be limited, even with the right environment and policies

Globalization and E-Commerce VII: Environment and Policy in the U.S.

The United States is a global leader in both Business-to-Customer (B2C) and Business-to-Business (B2B) electronic commerce. This leadership comes in part from the historical US strengths in information technology, telecommunications, financial services, and transportation - all of which are essential enabling components of e-commerce. The size and strength of the US economy, the wealth of its consumer base, and the relatively open access to venture capital creates an attractive environment for e-commerce investment. Official US Government policy toward e-commerce is to let the private sector take the lead, with government helping to make the business climate right for innovation and investment. Prior US Government investments in essential e-commerce infrastructure for military purposes (e.g., digital computing, the Internet) and for civilian purposes (e.g., interstate highways, air transport) played an important role in the US lead in e-commerce. US Government policies favoring widespread economic liberalization since the 1970\u27s in areas such as financial services, transportation, and telecommunications helped enable and stimulate private sector investment and innovation in e-commerce. The collapse of the dot.com era in the late 1990\u27s hit key sectors of e-commerce hard, suggesting that some of the more dramatic and positive predictions of e-commerce growth and impact will either be delayed substantially or will not come to pass. The strength of surviving e-commerce companies (e.g., Amazon and eBay), as well as the relative stability of the technology sector (e.g., Cisco Systems, Dell, Intel, IBM) and the continued investment of large industry sectors (e.g., autos, finance) suggest that e-commerce is still growing and is here to stay. Consumers are intrigued by B2C e-commerce, and many have used such services, but serious concerns related to privacy and transaction security remain obstacles to universal adoption of B2C e-commerce

Influence of electronic commerce on business performance: Evidence from e-commerce organisations in Harare, Zimbabwe

Abstract: The purpose of the study was to explore the impact of electronic commerce on business performance with specific focus on business organisations in Harare, Zimbabwe. This was achieved through investigating the relationship between e-commerce investment and indicators of business performance such as cost operations, service operations and profit levels. A structured questionnaire was developed and administered to 40 respondents from 10 e-commerce organisations. The study revealed that there was a positive relationship between e-commerce investment and business performance. It was revealed that an investment in e-commerce by organisations in Zimbabwe would increase profit levels, improve service operations and reduce transaction costs. The researchers recommended that organisations that have already adopted e-commerce should raise customer awareness and interest in e-commerce and promote the usage of the technology. They also recommended that policy makers such as the Government must take a leading role in the funding of education and the development of infrastructure in order to encourage more organizations and consumers to participate in e-commerce.Keywords: E-commerce, Business performance, Business organisations, Service operations, Cost operation

Revisiting the Determinant Factors of E-Commerce Adoption in the Wake of the Pandemic: The New Landscape of Digital Transformation for SMEs in North West UK

In response to the challenges presented by COVID-19, many small businesses have opted to digitally transform to survive the economic downturn brought on by the pandemic. In particular, small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) have turned to electronic commerce (e-commerce) to keep their firm afloat and maintain revenues amidst government restrictions and national lockdowns. While many SMEs shifted online against the backdrop of these contextual circumstances, the primary determinants which may have played a significant role in the e-commerce adoption decision in small businesses are unclear and cannot be explained by existing literature. Therefore, this paper finds it is the time to revisit this topic to ascertain the underlying determinants of SME e-commerce adoption during COVID-19. In so doing, this research aspires to provide practitioners and policymakers with advice as to how SMEs can counter crises by integrating technological innovations like e-commerce into their businesses and undergoing a rapid digital transformation

Determinants of electronic commerce adoption: Case study among Small and Medium Enterprise (SME) in Klang Valley / Nur Atiqah Zainuddin … [et al.]

Nowdays, electronic commerce or e-commerce is the most important tool in business market especially in digital online marketing. It‘s create more competitive marketing among the business around the world and focusing on Small Medium Enterprise formerly SME. In Malaysia, e-commerce is among the tool use by SME with the role to expand their business that can be reachable by customers. The purpose of this study is to determine the factors affecting adoption of e-commerce by SME in Klang Valley and to identify the most influential factor on e-commerce adoption. A conceptual framework comprises of five factors that are relative advantage, compatibility, complexity, top management support and knowledge and resources constraint is being taken as variables for research. Multiple regression analysis generated is being carried out to test hypothesis and to establish the causal effect of relative advantage, compatibility, complexity, top management support and knowledge and resources constraint towards adoption of e-commerce. The result shows that relative advantage, compatibility, and top management support and knowledge have significant and positive impact on adoption of e-commerce. Therefore this study concluded that relative advantage, compatibility, and top management support and knowledge would increase adoption of e-commerce among SME. Therefore, the government should take initiatives and pay more attention to promote e-commerce among SME because SME has potential market growth and high contribution for economic development in Malaysia

Case Study : Acceptance and Adoption on E-Commerce Usage Among Micro Business Owner at Baazar Larut Malam Jalan Lee Sam in Seremban Negeri Sembilan

This study aims to determined the level of acceptance and adoption of e-commerce usage among micro business owner at baazar larut malam Jalan Lee Sam, Seremban Negeri Sembilan. Recent statistics show that total number of businesses employing web sites in Seremban is very small compared to others city in our beloved country Malaysia. Organizations are coming under increasing pressure to adopt electronic commerce as part of the need to be efficient and competitive and to play a greater role in driving the economy.With the new century,the continued prosperity of Malaysia can no longer be taken for granted.Qualitative research method,in the form of semi-structured interviews, was used to identify factors that are important and relevant to encourage willingness to adopt. Findings indicate that owner characteristics like lack of perceived benefits,lack of knowledge and skill,perceived lack of trust are significant inhibitors while environment characteristics like competitive pressure,government support and infrastructure are significant motivators of electronic commerce in Malaysia. The model forms a basis for further research as further quantitative study,in the form of survey, can be carried out to assess the model’s validity and provide further insights into the relationships among the factors