9 research outputs found

    SatellitengestĂŒtzte Vermessung von stĂ€dtischem GrĂŒn in deutschen StĂ€dten

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    Urbane GrĂŒnflĂ€chen besitzen vielfĂ€ltige Funktionen und sind als Bereitsteller von Ökosystemleistungen von zentraler Bedeutung. Sie dienen als NaherholungsflĂ€chen fĂŒr die Stadtbevölkerung, als Lebensraum fĂŒr Flora und Fauna und verbessern die LuftqualitĂ€t. Mit Daten des europĂ€ischen Erdbeobachtungsprogramms Copernicus werden Satellitendaten in einer hohen geometrischen Auflösung sowie mit einer hohen rĂ€umlichen und zeitlichen Abdeckung kostenlos zur VerfĂŒgung gestellt. Die Aufnahmen der Sentinel-2 Satelliten des Copernicus Programms werden in dieser Analyse verwendet, um urbane GrĂŒnflĂ€chen in deutschen StĂ€dten zu kartieren. Um phĂ€nologische EinflĂŒsse abzubilden wird der Jahresgang der Vegetation anhand eines Medianmosaiks bzw. ĂŒber Vegetationsindizes berĂŒcksichtigt. Darauf aufbauend wurde eine Methodik zur Landnutzungs-/Landbedeckungsklassifikation auf Basis von LUCAS Referenzpunkten entwickelt und getestet. Die hohe Gesamtgenauigkeit von 92,3 % zeigt, dass innerstĂ€dtische GrĂŒnflĂ€chen mithilfe flĂ€chendeckender Satellitendaten in hohem Detailgrad erfasst werden können

    The Individual Walkable Neighborhood - Evaluating people-centered spatial units focusing on urban density

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    Urban planners are concerned to design the city in a way that supports quality of life. To catch how the settings of elements in space influence our subjective perception is difficult to evaluate, especially since objective measures are normally calculated at arbitrary scales. To better focus on the actual surrounding of individuals, peoplecentered reference areas are needed. The current study presents a comparison of three different peoplecentered reference areas which vary in their generalization of space: the Buffer, the Convex Hull of a routing network, and the 'Individual Walkable Neighborhood'. The latter reference areas are based on the streets an individual can reach within a certain amount of time. We compare the 3D-density of these three different reference areas and of arbitrary reference areas like city blocks in a quantitative and geographical way for the city of Munich. With this we can clearly show that it is crucial to focus on such people-centered reference areas, and that even at this very small scale big differences in density values can occur. Using navigational principles, a much more lifelike and realistic representation of the subjective neighborhood can be achieved, which should provide a basis for urban practitioners when combining objective variables to the subjective perception

    To be, or not to be ‘urban’? A multi-modal method for the differentiated measurement of the degree of urbanization

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    Today, 56.6% of the world’s population is urban and the trend is rising; in Germany, the urbanization process is almost complete at 80.3%. This is the ubiquitously used narrative. Surprisingly, the figures behind it are rarely questioned. The spatial statistics responsible for this meta-narrative are, however, prone to ambiguity. They suffer from a lack of systematic empirical justification, and from cross-national differences in cut-off values used to differentiate between urban and rural populations. In this study, we present an empirical approach that allows to systematically map urban and rural populations in a spatially and thematically differentiated manner using a multimodal method. On the one hand, we resort to the common approach of presenting the degree of urbanization in terms of population figures for administrative units. However, we do not only use the common national threshold value, but we project various national thresholds applied in different countries across the globe to classify multiple degrees of urbanization onto our study site Germany. On the other hand, we also calculate various degrees of urbanization at a higher spatial resolution using a regular grid. Beyond the common approach of calculating the degree of urbanization by population figures, we also apply at grid-level two additional variables: building density and the share of a certain building type. By systematically applying thresholds between minimum and maximum per variable, we trace the effects on the resulting degree of urbanization. These multiple perspectives lead us to propose that a range rather than a singular threshold allows us to estimate the degree of urbanization in a more differentiated way. To do so, we estimate the degree of urbanization for Germany on a probability-based basis. Therefore, we combine possible variants from the administrative approach using population figures and the grid-based approach using thresholds of population, building density and the share of a certain building type. Our results show that Germany can be considered urban by at least 50.0% up to possibly 68.1% of the population, which by no means comes near the reported 80.3%. We conclude that the results of the commonly used approach to quantify urban populations are not tenable in their clarity and should therefore be used only with caution. cacaution for political and societal decision-makin

    Which city is the greenest? A multi-dimensional deconstruction of city rankings

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    The question “which city is the greenest” sounds trivial, but in reality, this question contains statistical ambiguities. In this study, we approach this issue by ranking cities by green space shares. However, we do not base our ranking only on one green parameter and the commonly used administrative boundaries. Instead, we broaden access to rankings through several approaches: First, we calculate two parameters, i.e. green space shares and green space per capita. Second, we apply these parameters for two cases: for all green areas as well as for green areas with a minimum size of one hectare. The latter are considered to have an impact on near-home recreation and the local climate. Third, we relate these parameters on the one hand to administrative spatial units constituting the entity ‘city’, but juxtapose these on the other hand with two alternative spatial reference units: a morphological spatial unit that closely encompasses the built-up pattern of the city, and a standardized buffer unit around the city centers. The variability of these manifold rankings obtained by this study makes clear: the rank of one city in a relational system to other cities depends strongly on these parameters and spatial units applied. In our experiments we rank and compare the 80 major cities in Germany. The diversity of results allows to discuss the susceptibility of spatial statistics to ambiguities that may arise from the use of different concepts. By integrating these multidimensional concepts into one final ranking, we propose a strategy for a more holistic and robust approach while revealing uncertainties

    The Physical Density of the City—Deconstruction of the Delusive Density Measure with Evidence from Two European Megacities

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    Density is among the most important descriptive as well as normative measures in urban research. While its basic concept is generally understandable, approaches towards the density measure are manifold, diverse and of multidimensional complexity. This evolves from differing thematic, spatial and calculative specifications. Consequently, applied density measures are often used in a subjective, non-transparent, unspecific and thus non-comparable manner. In this paper, we aim at a systematic deconstruction of the measure density. Varying thematic, spatial and calculative dimensions show significant influence on the measure. With both quantitative and qualitative techniques of evaluation, we assess the particular influences on the measure density. To do so, we reduce our experiment setting to a mere physical perspective; that is, the quantitative measures building density, degree of soil sealing, floor space density and, more specifically, the density of generic structural classes such as open spaces and highest built-up density areas. Using up-to-date geodata derived from remote sensing and volunteered geographic information, we build upon high-quality spatial information products such as 3-D city models. Exemplified for the comparison of two European megacities, namely Paris and London, we reveal and systemize necessary variables to be clearly defined for meaningful conclusions using the density measure

    The Physical Density of the City—Deconstruction of the Delusive Density Measure with Evidence from Two European Megacities

    Get PDF
    Density is among the most important descriptive as well as normative measures in urban research. While its basic concept is generally understandable, approaches towards the density measure are manifold, diverse and of multidimensional complexity. This evolves from differing thematic, spatial and calculative specifications. Consequently, applied density measures are often used in a subjective, non-transparent, unspecific and thus non-comparable manner. In this paper, we aim at a systematic deconstruction of the measure density. Varying thematic, spatial and calculative dimensions show significant influence on the measure. With both quantitative and qualitative techniques of evaluation, we assess the particular influences on the measure density. To do so, we reduce our experiment setting to a mere physical perspective; that is, the quantitative measures building density, degree of soil sealing, floor space density and, more specifically, the density of generic structural classes such as open spaces and highest built-up density areas. Using up-to-date geodata derived from remote sensing and volunteered geographic information, we build upon high-quality spatial information products such as 3-D city models. Exemplified for the comparison of two European megacities, namely Paris and London, we reveal and systemize necessary variables to be clearly defined for meaningful conclusions using the density measure

    FlĂ€chennutzungsmonitoring XI: FlĂ€chenmanagement – Bodenversiegelung – StadtgrĂŒn

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    Die anhaltende und sich in vielen Teilen der Welt noch verstĂ€rkende VerstĂ€dterung mit immer neuen Siedlungs- und VerkehrsflĂ€chen fĂŒhrt zu nachteiligen Umweltwirkungen, vor allem zum Verlust von fruchtbaren Böden fĂŒr eine nachhaltige Landwirtschaft und benötigten WaldflĂ€chen zur CO2-Minderung. Außerdem fĂŒhrt die anhaltende Zersiedelung zu erhöhten Infrastrukturkosten und Verkehrsaufwendungen; neue Verkehrstraßen zerschneiden die Landschaft mit einhergehendem Verlust an BiodiversitĂ€t. In Europa und speziell in Deutschland ist der ungeminderte FlĂ€chenverbrauch auf weiter steigende WohnflĂ€chenansprĂŒche, neue Industrie- und Gewerbegebiete sowie Infrastrukturprojekte zurĂŒckzufĂŒhren. Inzwischen setzt sich die Erkenntnis durch, dass Bodenschutz durch Verzicht auf neue Siedlungs- und VerkehrsflĂ€chen mit der einhergehenden Bodenversiegelung auch Klima- und Landschaftsschutz ist. Darum geht kein Weg daran vorbei, noch haushĂ€lterischer als bisher mit der Ressource FlĂ€che umzugehen. Eine verantwortliche FlĂ€chensparpolitik bedarf vieler guter, kreativer Ideen, Instrumente, Maßnahmen und Umsetzungsakteure auf allen Entscheidungsebenen. Dabei dĂŒrfte die Bedeutung informatorischer Instrumente unbestritten sein. Nur so können Zustand und VerĂ€nderung der FlĂ€chennutzung schnell, genĂŒgend genau und verlĂ€sslich beschrieben werden. Das ist eine Grundvoraussetzung zielgenauer Steuerungsinstrumente zur Senkung der FlĂ€cheninanspruchnahme. Hier kommen nun alte und neue Geodaten ins Spiel, denn nur auf deren Grundlage sind die notwendigen Informationen berechenbar. Dabei steigen die Anforderungen an QualitĂ€t und VerfĂŒgbarkeit raumbezogener Daten- und Informationsangebote, die immer genauer, aktueller und frei verfĂŒgbar sein sollten. Aus Wissenschaft und Praxis wird aber auch immer stĂ€rker die Kennzeichnung von statistischen Unsicherheiten in den Daten, Indikatorwerten und Zeitreihen gefordert. Neben neuen und weiterentwickelten amtlichen Geobasisdaten spielen nutzergenerierte Daten eine immer wichtigere Rolle. Ebenso werden die Daten des europĂ€ischen Copernicus-Programmes immer stĂ€rker genutzt und zunehmend produktiv. So wird intensiv an Verfahren zur halbautomatischen Erfassung von LandschaftsverĂ€nderungen gearbeitet als Informationsgrundlage fĂŒr die amtliche Vermessung zur Aktualisierung ihrer Geodatenmodelle. Auch stĂ€dtisches GrĂŒn kann heute mithilfe von Satellitenbilddaten viel genauer als bisher klassifiziert und in Zustand und VerĂ€nderung abgebildet werden. Derartige neue Entwicklungen vorzustellen und mit der Praxis zu diskutieren, ist das Ziel des alljĂ€hrlichen Dresdner FlĂ€chennutzungssymposiums (DFNS). Der vorliegende Band vereint BeitrĂ€ge der 11. Auflage dieser Veranstaltungsreihe, die vom 08. April bis 09. April 2019 stattfand und folgende Themen behandelte: internationale und nationale Entwicklungen in der FlĂ€chenpolitik, FlĂ€chenmanagement, FlĂ€chenmonitoring und -analysen, Bodenversiegelung, Indikatoren und Methoden, smarte Datenerhebung. Einen besonderen Schwerpunkt bildet diesmal das GrĂŒn in der Stadt. Die PrĂ€sentationen des Symposiums sind unter http://11dfns.ioer.info/programm/ zu finden. Darunter befinden sich auch neue Entwicklungen und Ergebnisse des Monitors der Siedlungs- und Freiraumentwicklung (www.ioer-monitor.de). Diese kostenfreie wissenschaftliche Dienstleistung des Leibniz-Institutes fĂŒr ökologische Raumentwicklung ermöglicht die kartographische Visualisierung, die statistische Analyse sowie den Vergleich von inzwischen 85 Indikatoren zur FlĂ€chennutzung und damit eng zusammenhĂ€ngender Themen. Die Indikatorwerte sind auf allen relevanten administrativen Ebenen bis zu Gemeinden sowie als hochauflösende Rasterkarten verfĂŒgbar. Die Zeitreihen gehen bis ins Jahr 2000 zurĂŒck
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