"It may take ages":understanding human-centred lateral phishing attack detection in organisations

Smartphones are a central part of modern life and contain vast amounts of personal and professional data as well as access to sensitive features such as banking and financial apps. As such protecting our smartphones from unauthorised access is of great importance, and users prioritise this over protecting their devices against digital security threats. Previous research has explored user experiences of unauthorised access to their smartphone – though the vast majority of these cases involve an attacker who is known to the user and knows an unlock code for the device. We presented 374 participants with a scenario concerning the loss of their smartphone in a public place. Participants were allocated to one of 3 scenario groups where a different unknown individual with malicious intentions finds the device and attempts to gain access to its contents. After exposure, we ask participants to envision a case where someone they know has a similar opportunity to attempt to gain access to their smartphone. We compare these instances with respect to differences in the motivations of the attacker, their skills and their knowledge of the user. We find that participants underestimate how commonly people who know them may be able to guess their PIN and overestimate the extent to which smartphones can be ‘hacked into’. We discuss how concerns over the severity of an attack may cloud perceptions of its likelihood of success, potentially leading users to underestimate the likelihood of unauthorised access occurring from known attackers who can utilize personal knowledge to guess unlock codes

Targeted Attacks: Redefining Spear Phishing and Business Email Compromise

In today's digital world, cybercrime is responsible for significant damage to organizations, including financial losses, operational disruptions, or intellectual property theft. Cyberattacks often start with an email, the major means of corporate communication. Some rare, severely damaging email threats - known as spear phishing or Business Email Compromise - have emerged. However, the literature disagrees on their definition, impeding security vendors and researchers from mitigating targeted attacks. Therefore, we introduce targeted attacks. We describe targeted-attack-detection techniques as well as social-engineering methods used by fraudsters. Additionally, we present text-based attacks - with textual content as malicious payload - and compare non-targeted and targeted variants

The need for new antiphishing measures against spear-phishing attacks

In this study, we provide extensive analysis of the (unique) characteristics of phishing and spear-phishing attacks, argue that spear-phishing attacks cannot be well captured by current countermeasures, identify ways forward, and analyze an advanced spear-phishing campaign targeting white-collar workers in 32 countries

The need for new antiphishing measures against spear-phishing attacks

\u3cp\u3eIn this study, we provide extensive analysis of the (unique) characteristics of phishing and spear-phishing attacks, argue that spear-phishing attacks cannot be well captured by current countermeasures, identify ways forward, and analyze an advanced spear-phishing campaign targeting white-collar workers in 32 countries.\u3c/p\u3

Awareness and perception of phishing variants from Policing, Computing and Criminology students in Canterbury Christ Church University

This study focuses on gauging awareness of different phishing communication students in the School of Law, Policing and Social Sciences and the School of Engineering, Technology and Design in Canterbury Christ Church University and their perception of different phishing variants. There is an exploration of the underlying factors in which students fall victim to different types of phishing attacks from questionnaires and a focus group. The students’ perception of different types of phishing variants was varied from the focus group and anonymised questionnaires. A total of 177 respondents participated in anonymised questionnaires in the study. Students were asked a mixture of scenario-based questions on different phishing attacks, their awareness levels of security tools that can be used against some phishing variants, and if they received any phishing emails in the past. Additionally, 6 computing students in a focus group discussed different types of phishing attacks and recommended potential security countermeasures against them. The vulnerabilities and issues of anti-phishing software, firewalls, and internet browsers that have security toolbars are explained in the study against different types of phishing attacks. The focus group was with computing students and their knowledge about certain phishing variants was limited. The discussion within the focus group was gauging the computing students' understanding and awareness of phishing variants. The questionnaire data collection sample was with first year criminology and final year policing students which may have influenced the results of the questionnaire in terms of their understanding, security countermeasures, and how they identify certain phishing variants. The anonymised questionnaire awareness levels on different types of phishing fluctuated in terms of lack of awareness on certain phishing variants. Some criminology and policing students either did not know about phishing variants or had limited knowledge about different types of phishing communication, security countermeasures, the identifying features of a phishing message, and the precautions they should take against phishing variants from fraudsters

Human-centered Information Security and Privacy: Investigating How and Why Social and Emotional Factors Affect the Protection of Information Assets

Information systems (IS) are becoming increasingly integrated into the fabric of our everyday lives, for example, through cloud-based collaboration platforms, smart wearables, and social media. As a result, nearly every aspect of personal, social, and professional life relies on the constant exchange of information between users and online service providers. However, as users and organizations entrust more and more of their personal and sensitive information to IS, the challenges of ensuring information security and privacy become increasingly pressing, particularly given the rise of cybercrime and microtargeting capabilities. While the protection of information assets is a shared responsibility between technology providers, legislation, organizations, and individuals, previous research has emphasized the pivotal role of the user as the last line of defense. Whereas prior works on human-centered information security and privacy have primarily studied the human aspect from a cognitive perspective, it is important to acknowledge that security and privacy phenomena are deeply embedded within users’ social, emotional, and technological environment. Therefore, individual decision-making and organizational phenomena related to security and privacy need to be examined through a socio-emotional lens. As such, this thesis sets out to investigate how and why socio-emotional factors influence information security and privacy, while simultaneously providing a deeper understanding of how these insights can be utilized to design effective security and privacy-enhancing tools and interventions. This thesis includes five studies that have been published in peer-reviewed IS outlets. The first strand of this thesis investigates individual decision-making related to information security and privacy. Daily information disclosure decisions, such as providing login credentials to a phishing website or giving apps access to one’s address book, crucially affect information security and privacy. In an effort to support users in their decision-making, research and practice have begun to develop tools and interventions that promote secure and privacy-aware behavior. However, our knowledge on the design and effectiveness of such tools and interventions is scattered across a diverse research landscape. Therefore, the first study of this thesis (article A) sets out to systematize this knowledge. Through a literature review, the study presents a taxonomy of user-oriented information security interventions and highlights crucial shortcomings of current approaches, such as a lack of tools and interventions that provide users with long-term guidance and an imbalance regarding cyber attack vectors. Importantly, the study confirms that prior works in this field tend to limit their scope to a cognitive processing perspective, neglecting the influence of social and emotional factors. The second study (article B) examines how users make decisions on disclosing their peers’ personal information, a phenomenon referred to as privacy interdependence. Previous research has shown that users tend to have a limited understanding of the social ramifications of their decisions to share information, that is, the impact of their disclosure decisions on others’ privacy. The study is based on a theoretical framework that suggests that for a user, recognizing and respecting others’ privacy rights is heavily influenced by the perceived salience of others within their own socio-technical environment. The study introduces an intervention aimed at increasing the salience of others’ personal data during the decision-making process, resulting in a significant decrease of interdependent privacy infringements. These findings indicate that current interfaces do not allow users to make informed decisions about their peers’ privacy – a problem that is highly relevant for policymakers and regulators. Shifting the focus towards an organizational context of individual security decision-making, the third study (article C) investigates employees’ underlying motives for reporting cyber threats. With the aim to maximize employees’ adoption of reporting tools, the study examines the effect of two tool design features on users’ utilitarian and hedonic motivation to report information security incidents. The findings suggest that reporting tools that elicit a sense of warm glow, that is, a boost of self-esteem and personal satisfaction after performing an altruistic act, result in higher tool adoption compared to those that address solely users’ utilitarian motivation. This unlocks a new perspective on organizational information security as a whole and showcases new ways in which organizations can engage users in promoting information security. The second strand of this thesis focuses on the context of organizational information security. Beyond individual decision-making, organizations face the challenge of maintaining an information security culture, including, for example, employees’ awareness of security risks, top management commitment, and interdepartmental collaboration with regard to security issues. The fourth study (article D) presents a measurement instrument to assess employees’ security awareness. Complementary to the predominant method of self-reported surveys, the study introduces an index based on employees’ susceptibility to simulated social engineering attacks. As such, it presents a novel way to measure security awareness that closes the intention-behavior gap and enables information security officers to nonintrusively monitor human vulnerabilities in real-time. Furthermore, the findings indicate that security education, training and awareness (SETA) programs not only increase employees’ awareness of information security risks, but also improve their actual security behavior. Finally, the fifth study (article E) investigates the influence of external socio-emotional disruption on information security culture. Against the backdrop of the COVID-19 pandemic, the longitudinal study reveals novel inhibitors and facilitators of information security culture that emerged in the face of global socially and emotionally disruptive change over the course of 2020. Specifically, the study demonstrates that such disruptive events can influence information security culture negatively, or – counterintuitively – positively, depending on prerequisites such as digital maturity and economic stability. Overall, this thesis highlights the importance of considering socio-emotional factors in protecting information assets by providing a more comprehensive understanding of why and how such factors affect human behavior related to information security and privacy. By doing so, this thesis answers calls for research that urge scholars to consider security and privacy issues in a larger social and emotional context. The studies in this thesis contribute to IS research on information security and privacy by (1) uncovering social and emotional motives as hitherto largely neglected drivers of users decision-making, (2) demonstrating how tools and interventions can leverage these motives to improve users’ protection of information assets, and (3) revealing the importance of external socio-emotional factors as a thus far under-investigated influence on organizational information security. In practice, this thesis offers actionable recommendations for designers building tools and interventions to support decision-making with regard to information security and privacy. Likewise, it provides important insights to information security officers on how to build a strong and resilient information security culture, and guides policymakers in accounting for socially embedded privacy phenomena