Light-based solutions for the acceptance of facing rearward in autonomous vehicles

The introduction of autonomous vehicles into road traffic is accompanied by the development of innovative seating layouts. Concepts of such layouts often include rotatable front seats, which are supposed to enable a new level of social interaction during autonomous driving and find much approval among potential users. This contrasts with a seemingly very low willingness to be driven autonomously while sitting in the opposite direction of travel. Two reasons for this emerge, lack of trust in the autonomous vehicles and fear of motion sickness. With both being a point of concern in AVs in general, research suggests them being even more eminent when facing against the direction of travel. Based on current literature, a new model is proposed taking seating orientation and motion sickness into account. Building on this model, the use of light-based HMIs to increase transparency with respect to perception and intention of the AV is discussed. The goal of the work is to gain a more detailed understanding of the acceptance of rearward seating orientations in autonomous vehicles, incorporating trust and motion sickness

A review of human factors principles for the design and implementation of medication safety alerts in clinical information systems.

The objective of this review is to describe the implementation of human factors principles for the design of alerts in clinical information systems. First, we conduct a review of alarm systems to identify human factors principles that are employed in the design and implementation of alerts. Second, we review the medical informatics literature to provide examples of the implementation of human factors principles in current clinical information systems using alerts to provide medication decision support. Last, we suggest actionable recommendations for delivering effective clinical decision support using alerts. A review of studies from the medical informatics literature suggests that many basic human factors principles are not followed, possibly contributing to the lack of acceptance of alerts in clinical information systems. We evaluate the limitations of current alerting philosophies and provide recommendations for improving acceptance of alerts by incorporating human factors principles in their design

Does a Confidence Level for Automated Driving Time Estimations Improve the Subjective Evaluation of an Automation HMI?

Current research in human factors and automated driving is increasingly focusing on predictable transitions instead of urgent and critical take-overs. Predictive human–machine interface (HMI) elements displaying the remaining time until the next request to intervene were identified as a user need, especially when the user is engaging in non-driving related activities (NDRA). However, these estimations are prone to errors due to changing traffic conditions and updated map-based information. Thus, we investigated a confidence display for Level 3 automated driving time estimations. Based on a preliminary study, a confidence display resembling a mobile phone connectivity symbol was developed. In a mixed-design driving simulator study with 32 participants, we assessed the impact of the confidence display concept (within factor) on usability, frustration, trust and acceptance during city and highway automated driving (between factor). During automated driving sections, participants engaged in a naturalistic visual NDRA to create a realistic scenario. Significant effects were found for the scenario: participants in the city experienced higher levels of frustration. However, the confidence display has no significant impact on the subjective evaluation and most participants preferred the baseline HMI without a confidence symbol. Document type: Articl

Continuous monitoring of enterprise risks: A delphi feasibility study

A constantly evolving regulatory environment, increasing market pressure to improve operations, and rapidly changing business conditions are creating the need for ongoing assurance that organizational risks are continually and adequately mitigated. Enterprises are perpetually exposed to fraud, poor decision making and/or other inefficiencies that can lead to significant financial loss and/or increased levels of operating risk. Increasingly, Information Systems are being harnessed to reinvent the risk management process. One promising technology is Continuous Auditing, which seeks to transform the audit process from periodic reviews of a few transactions to a continuous review of all transactions. However, the highly integrated, rapidly changing and hypercompetitive business environment of many corporations spawns numerous Enterprise Risks that have been excluded from standard risk management processes. An extension of Continuous Auditing is Continuous Monitoring, which is used by management to continually review business processes for unexpected deviations. Using a Delphi, the feasibility and desirability of applying Continuous Monitoring to different Enterprise Risks is studied. This study uncovers a significant relationship between the perceived business value of Continuous Monitoring and years of experience in Risk Management and Auditing, determines that all key architectural components for a Continuous Monitoring system are known, and indicates that Continuous Monitoring may be better suited for monitoring computer crime than monitoring strategic risks such as the loss of a competitive position

Towards explaining user satisfaction with contact tracing mobile applications in a time of pandemic: a text analytics approach

This research project investigates the critical phenomenon of the post-adoption use of Contact Tracing Mobile Applications (CTMAs) in a time of pandemic. A panel data set of customer reviews was collected from March 2020 to June 2021. Using sentiment analysis, topic modeling and dictionary-based analytics, 10,337 reviews were analyzed. The results show that after controlling for review sentiment and length, user satisfaction is associated with users’ perception of utilitarian benefits of CTMA, their CTMA-specific privacy concerns, and installation and use issues. Our methodological approach (using various text analysis techniques for analyzing public feedback) and findings (influential factors on consumers’ satisfaction with CTMA) can inform the design and deployment of the next generation of CTMAs for managing future pandemics

Enhancing user experience and safety in the context of automated driving through uncertainty communication

Operators of highly automated driving systems may exhibit behaviour characteristic of overtrust issues due to an insufficient awareness of automation fallibility. Consequently, situation awareness in critical situations is reduced and safe driving performance following emergency takeovers is impeded. Previous research has indicated that conveying system uncertainties may alleviate these issues. However, existing approaches require drivers to attend the uncertainty information with focal attention, likely resulting in missed changes when engaged in non-driving-related tasks. This research project expands on existing work regarding uncertainty communication in the context of automated driving. Specifically, it aims to investigate the implications of conveying uncertainties under consideration of non-driving-related tasks and, based on the outcomes, develop and evaluate an uncertainty display that enhances both user experience and driving safety. In a first step, the impact of visually conveying uncertainties was investigated under consideration of workload, trust, monitoring behaviour, non-driving-related tasks, takeover performance, and situation awareness. For this, an anthropomorphic visual uncertainty display located in the instrument cluster was developed. While the hypothesised benefits for trust calibration and situation awareness were confirmed, the results indicate that visually conveying uncertainties leads to an increased perceived effort due to a higher frequency of monitoring glances. Building on these findings, peripheral awareness displays were explored as a means for conveying uncertainties without the need for focused attention to reduce monitoring glances. As a prerequisite for developing such a display, a systematic literature review was conducted to identify evaluation methods and criteria, which were then coerced into a comprehensive framework. Grounded in this framework, a peripheral awareness display for uncertainty communication was developed and subsequently compared with the initially proposed visual anthropomorphic uncertainty display in a driving simulator study. Eye tracking and subjective workload data indicate that the peripheral awareness display reduces the monitoring effort relative to the visual display, while driving performance and trust data highlight that the benefits of uncertainty communication are maintained. Further, this research project addresses the implications of increasing the functional detail of uncertainty information. Results of a driving simulator study indicate that particularly workload should be considered when increasing the functional detail of uncertainty information. Expanding upon this approach, an augmented reality display concept was developed and a set of visual variables was explored in a forced choice sorting task to assess their ordinal characteristics. Particularly changes in colour hue and animation-based variables received high preference ratings and were ordered consistently from low to high uncertainty. This research project has contributed a series of novel insights and ideas to the field of human factors in automated driving. It confirmed that conveying uncertainties improves trust calibration and situation awareness, but highlighted that using a visual display lessens the positive effects. Addressing this shortcoming, a peripheral awareness display was designed applying a dedicated evaluation framework. Compared with the previously employed visual display, it decreased monitoring glances and, consequentially, perceived effort. Further, an augmented reality-based uncertainty display concept was developed to minimise the workload increments associated with increases in the functional detail of uncertainty information.</div

Human-centered User Interfaces for Automated Driving – (Un-)exploited Potentials

Designing user interfaces for (highly) automated driving is a complex task since users vary considerably regarding their needs and preferences. Therefore, a one-size-fits-all approach will not be sufficient for designing these interfaces. Thus, in this paper we aim to identify unexploited potentials in this area. We do so by performing a systematic literature review. Our contributions are 1) a systematization of human-centered user interface design for automated driving in four key aspects, 2) the research intensity per aspect, 3) the unexploited potential within each aspect and 4) the potentials of the relations between them. Concretely, current research lacks frameworks supporting the customization of the named interfaces based on user characteristics. Among others, personalization of displayed information shows unexploited potentials for acceptance and usability. Thus, we recommend future research to focus on human-centricity accounting for individual needs instead of the interface itself