Credit card fraud detection: An application of the gene expression messy genetic algorithm

This paper describes an application of the recently introduced gene expression messy genetic algorithm (GEMGA) (Kargupta, 1996) for detecting fraudulent transactions of credit cards. It also explains the fundamental concepts underlying the GEMGA in the light of the SEARCH (Search Envisioned As Relation and Class Hierarchizing) (Kargupta, 1995) framework

Computational processes of evolution and the gene expression messy genetic algorithm

This paper makes an effort to project the theoretical lessons of the SEARCH (Search Envisioned As Relation and Class Hierarchizing) framework introduced elsewhere (Kargupta, 1995b) in the context of natural evolution and introduce the gene expression messy genetic algorithm (GEMGA) -- a new generation of messy GAs that directly search for relations among the members of the search space. The GEMGA is an O({vert_bar}{Lambda}{vert_bar}{sup k}({ell} + k)) sample complexity algorithm for the class of order-k delineable problems (Kargupta, 1995a) (problems that can be solved by considering no higher than order-k relations) in sequence representation of length {ell} and alphabet set {Lambda}. Unlike the traditional evolutionary search algorithms, the GEMGA emphasizes the computational role of gene expression and uses a transcription operator to detect appropriate relations. Theoretical conclusions are also substantiated by experimental results for large multimodal problems with bounded inappropriateness of representation

An investigation of messy genetic algorithms

Genetic algorithms (GAs) are search procedures based on the mechanics of natural selection and natural genetics. They combine the use of string codings or artificial chromosomes and populations with the selective and juxtapositional power of reproduction and recombination to motivate a surprisingly powerful search heuristic in many problems. Despite their empirical success, there has been a long standing objection to the use of GAs in arbitrarily difficult problems. A new approach was launched. Results to a 30-bit, order-three-deception problem were obtained using a new type of genetic algorithm called a messy genetic algorithm (mGAs). Messy genetic algorithms combine the use of variable-length strings, a two-phase selection scheme, and messy genetic operators to effect a solution to the fixed-coding problem of standard simple GAs. The results of the study of mGAs in problems with nonuniform subfunction scale and size are presented. The mGA approach is summarized, both its operation and the theory of its use. Experiments on problems of varying scale, varying building-block size, and combined varying scale and size are presented

Sub-structural Niching in Estimation of Distribution Algorithms

We propose a sub-structural niching method that fully exploits the problem decomposition capability of linkage-learning methods such as the estimation of distribution algorithms and concentrate on maintaining diversity at the sub-structural level. The proposed method consists of three key components: (1) Problem decomposition and sub-structure identification, (2) sub-structure fitness estimation, and (3) sub-structural niche preservation. The sub-structural niching method is compared to restricted tournament selection (RTS)--a niching method used in hierarchical Bayesian optimization algorithm--with special emphasis on sustained preservation of multiple global solutions of a class of boundedly-difficult, additively-separable multimodal problems. The results show that sub-structural niching successfully maintains multiple global optima over large number of generations and does so with significantly less population than RTS. Additionally, the market share of each of the niche is much closer to the expected level in sub-structural niching when compared to RTS

Incorporating linkage learning into the GeLog framework

This article introduces modifications that have been applied to GeLog, a genetic logic programming framework, in order to improve its performance. The main emphasis of this work is the structure processing of genetic algorithms. As studies have shown, the linkage of genes plays an important role in the performance of genetic algorithms. Thus, different approaches that take linkage learning into account have been reviewed and the most promising has been implemented and tested with GeLog. It is demonstrated that the modified program solves problems that proved hard for the original system

Determination of stability constants using genetic algorithms

A genetic algorithm (GA)-simplex hybrid approach has been developed for the determination of stability constants using calorimetric and polarographic data obtained from literature sources. The GA determined both the most suitable equilibrium model for the systems studied and the values of the stability constants and the heats of formation for the calorimetric studies. As such, a variable length chromosome format was devised to represent the equilibrium models and stability constants (and heats of formation). The polarographic data were obtained from studies of cadmium chloride and lead with the crown ether dicyclohexyl-18-crown-6. The calorimetric data were obtained from a study of a two step addition reaction of Hg(CN)2 with thiourea. The stability constants obtained using the GA-simplex hybrid approach compare favourably with the values quoted in the literature