128,849 research outputs found
A Default-Logic Paradigm for Legal Reasoning and Factfinding
Unlike research in linguistics and artificial intelligence, legal research has not used advances in logical theory very effectively. This article uses default logic to develop a paradigm for analyzing all aspects of legal reasoning, including factfinding. The article provides a formal model that integrates legal rules and policies with the evaluation of both expert and non-expert evidence â whether the reasoning occurs in courts or administrative agencies, and whether in domestic, foreign, or international legal systems. This paradigm can standardize the representation of legal reasoning, guide empirical research into the dynamics of such reasoning, and put the representations and research results to immediate use through artificial intelligence software. This new model therefore has the potential to transform legal practice and legal education, as well as legal theory
EEG source-space synchrostate transitions and Markov modeling in the math-gifted brain during a long-chain reasoning task
To reveal transition dynamics of global neuronal networks of mathâgifted adolescents in handling longâchain reasoning, this study explores momentary phaseâsynchronized patterns, that is, electroencephalogram (EEG) synchrostates, of intracerebral sources sustained in successive 50âms time windows during a reasoning task and nonâtask idle process. Through agglomerative hierarchical clustering for functional connectivity graphs and nested iterative cosine similarity tests, this study identifies seven general and one reasoningâspecific prototypical functional connectivity patterns from all synchrostates. Markov modeling is performed for the timeâsequential synchrostates of each trial to characterize the interstate transitions. The analysis reveals that default mode network, central executive network (CEN), dorsal attention network, cinguloâopercular network, left/right ventral frontoparietal network, and ventral visual network aperiodically recur over nonâtask or reasoning process, exhibiting high predictability in interactively reachable transitions. Compared to nonâgifted subjects, mathâgifted adolescents show higher fractional occupancy and mean duration in CEN and reasoningâtriggered transient right frontotemporal network (rFTN) in the time course of the reasoning process. Statistical modeling of Markov chains reveals that there are more selfâloops in CEN and rFTN of the mathâgifted brain, suggesting robust state durability in temporally maintaining the topological structures. Besides, mathâgifted subjects show higher probabilities in switching from the other types of synchrostates to CEN and rFTN, which represents more adaptive reconfiguration of connectivity pattern in the largeâscale cortical network for focused taskârelated information processing, which underlies superior executive functions in controlling goalâdirected persistence and high predictability of implementing imagination and creative thinking during longâchain reasoning
Effects of Economic Interactions on Credit Risk
We study a credit risk model which captures effects of economic interactions
on a firm's default probability. Economic interactions are represented as a
functionally defined graph, and the existence of both cooperative, and
competitive, business relations is taken into account. We provide an analytic
solution of the model in a limit where the number of business relations of each
company is large, but the overall fraction of the economy with which a given
company interacts may be small. While the effects of economic interactions are
relatively weak in typical (most probable) scenarios, they are pronounced in
situations of economic stress, and thus lead to a substantial fattening of the
tails of loss distributions in large loan portfolios. This manifests itself in
a pronounced enhancement of the Value at Risk computed for interacting
economies in comparison with their non-interacting counterparts.Comment: 24 pages, 6 figure
Adaptive logic characterizations of input/output logic
We translate unconstrained and constrained input/output logics as introduced by Makinson and van der Torre to modal logics, using adaptive logics for the constrained case. The resulting reformulation has some additional benefits. First, we obtain a proof-theoretic (dynamic) characterization of input/output logics. Second, we demonstrate that our framework naturally gives rise to useful variants and allows to express important notions that go beyond the expressive means of input/output logics, such as violations and sanctions
Mental states in communication
Abstract. This paper is concerned with the mental processes involved in intentional communication. I describe an agent's cognitive architecture as the set of cognitive dynamics (i.e., sequences of mental states with contents) she may entertain. I then describe intentional communication as one such specific dynamics, arguing against the prevailing view that communication consists in playing a role in a socially shared script. The cognitive capabilities needed for such dynamics are midreading (i.e., the ability to reason upon another individual's mental states), and communicative planning (i.e., the ability to dynamically represent and act in a communicative situation)
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