The Paperless Letter of Credit and Related Documents of Title

A normative analysis of paperless letters of credit that will categorize the various transactions and delineate the boundaries and relative standing of the competing sets of rules is now appropriate. The analysis will suggest when an official rule is needed and what its character should be

Kesan pembelajaran koperatif terhadap pencapaian pendidikan alam sekitar dalam kalangan pelajar sekolah menengah rendah

Pembelajaran koperatif merupakan satu teknik pembelajaran yang melibatkan pelajar bekerjasama dalam satu kumpulan untuk mencapai matlamat tertentu. Dalam topik Pendidikan Alam Sekitar, pelajar didapati agak lemah dalam memahami sesuatu istilah dan tidak dapat mengaitkan topik dengan pengalaman serta persekitaran mereka. Sebelum ini, pengajaran dan pembelajaran lebih berpusatkan guru. Pembelajaran koperatif pula hanya melibatkan mata pelajaran yang menggunakan makmal atau bengkel. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk meninjau kesan pembelajaran berkumpulan terhadap pencapaian pelajar dalam Pendidikan Alam Sekitar melalui mata pelajaran Geografi. Bentuk kajian yang digunakan ialah kuasi-eksperimen yang dijalankan dengan menggunakan ujian pra dan ujian pasca ke atas kumpulan eksperimen dan kumpulan kawalan. Sampel kajian adalah dua kumpulan pelajar tingkatan 1 dari Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Luar Bandar di negeri Johor. Sampel kajian terdiri daripada 37 orang pelajar kumpulan eksperimen dan 35 orang pelajar kumpulan kawalan. Kumpulan eksperimen merupakan kumpulan yang menggunakan kaedah pembelajaran koperatif manakala kumpulan kawalan diajar tanpa pembelajaran koperatif. Instrumen kajian ialah ujian pencapaian, borang soal selidik, jadual pemerhatian dan temubual. Hasil kajian mendapati min pencapaian kumpulan eksperimen adalah tinggi iaitu 18.16 berbanding dengan min kumpulan kawalan, iaitu 13.91. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan terdapat peningkatan pencapaian bagi pelajar yang menjalani pembelajaran koperatif berbanding dengan pelajar yang tidak mengamalkan kaedah pembelajaran tersebut. Pelajar juga dapat menerima penggunaan pembelajaran koperatif dalam proses pengajaran dan pembelajaran. Kesimpulannya, pembelajaran koperatif bukan sahaja dapat meningkatkan hasil malah dapat meningkatkan kualiti proses pengajaran dan pembelajaran

Blockchain for Transforming International Trade: Bangladesh Perspective

Blockchain is one of the key pillars of the fourth industrial revolution and blockchain become an enormous excitement in many industries including the international trade ecosystem. As we move forward to the fourth industrial revolution, the digitalization of the traditional international trade process is vital. Research on blockchain technology in the field of international trade is very limited. The purpose of this qualitative study is to look at the blockchain application in the field of international trade for Bangladesh perspective. To find out a comprehensive view of blockchain in the international trade ecosystem, in-depth primary interview with relevant stakeholders was taken in addition to analyzing secondary data. The study found that blockchain can transform many parts of the existing international trade process in Bangladesh including customs, trade document management, trade method, payment, transport document, certifications and combating fraudulent activities.

Practicability of successfully achieving a paperless sea trade: electronic vs paper Bills of Lading.

Masters Degree. University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban.Increase in electronic commerce create challenges to the use of the existing laws and the traditional modes of concluding contracts, including the use of paper bills of lading. As a result, this induces a need for the shipping industry to conform to international trade by adopting electronic trading tools such as electronic bill of lading and do away with paper based bill of lading. The purpose of this study is to examine the feasibility in replacing the paper bill of lading with an electronic bill of lading. In addition, whether the paper bills of lading functions, particularly that of transfer of ownership can be adequately replicated in an electronic bill of lading. In addition, the study will address the lack of adequate regulatory regimes and look at whether the Rotterdam Rules satisfactorily address issues associated with the use of electronic bills of lading. Finally, an evaluation of whether Africa is ready to deal with paperless sea trade or it is only the developed states which are ready. This thesis is based on a qualitative approach as opposed to quantitative approach. As such it will involve a desktop review, analysis and critical evaluation of various legal materials. Both primary and secondary legal authorities will be explored to provide the nature, developments and feasibility of the electronic bills of lading. The findings are that the existing legislations only recognises paper bills of lading. As a result, merchants are reluctant to switch to electronic bills of lading for many reasons including security. Further, that successfully achieving a paperless sea trade depends on well drafted rules and regulations; its continuous existence and use greatly depends on the shippers. To address and overcome the challenges preventing the use of electronic commerce, Electronic Bills of Lading, legislations should be enacted. These legislations should incorporate, amongst other things, provisions affording electronic bills of lading the same status as that of the paper bills of lading. That the Rotterdam Rules should be amended in accordance to accommodate all the party’s needs. Lastly, that there must be ways of ensuring secure electronic trading to eliminate the element of fraud