Ariel - Volume 10 Number 3

Executive Editors Madalyn Schaefgen David Reich Business Manager David Reich News Editors Medical College Edward Zurad CAHS John Guardiani World Mark Zwanger Features Editors Meg Trexler Jim O\u27Brien Editorials Editor Jeffrey Banyas Photography and Sports Editor Stuart Singer Commons Editor Brenda Peterso

The BG News March 19, 1999

The BGSU campus student newspaper March 19, 1999. Volume 82 - Issue 117https://scholarworks.bgsu.edu/bg-news/7465/thumbnail.jp

History, organization and belief among Cuban plantado political prisoners, 1959-1993

Anti-Castro activists began organizing guerrilla groups in the early 1960\u27s to oppose the revolutionary government of Cuba. The perception that the new regime posed a threat to religion and pre-existing cultural values were among the motives for this activity. This thesis presents three case studies of individuals who due to their beliefs, became guerrillas, were imprisoned for that activity, and who subsequently refused to participate in the prison reeducation program. The findings of this study indicate that ideology and beliefs function to provide meaningful explanations to social life, and are not necessarily thin veils for self interest masquerading as principle. Rather, important religious and cultural beliefs take on a life of their own independent of material self interest; this allows for individuals to commit to causes where there are powerful incentives to renounce one\u27s beliefs

Observer

Student newspaper for Central Washington University for May 24, 2007https://digitalcommons.cwu.edu/cwu_student_newspaper/5463/thumbnail.jp

The Daily Gamecock, FRIDAY, DECEMBER 4, 2009

https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/gamecock_2009_dec/1003/thumbnail.jp

Terrorism and the Response to Terrorism in New York City During the Long Sixties

During a period stretching from the mid 1960s until the mid 1970s, the United States and especially New York City experienced a wave of terrorism unprecedented in many ways. Never before, and never since, have such a variety of actors from all across the political spectrum engaged in this particular form of political violence during the same period of time and especially in the same small geographic area. New York City endured a stretch of attacks that can be labeled as terrorism from 1969 to mid-1970 that the Commissioner Howard R. Learly of the New York City Police Department (NYPD) characterized it as the year of bombings in “gigantic proportions” when testifying before Congress. Scholarship on political radicalism and especially terrorism during what many scholars have termed “the Long Sixties” has largely focused on radical elements of the New Left such as the Weather Underground. This dissertation argues that, instead of how scholarship has traditionally treated it, terrorism during the time and in New York city was just as likely to emanate from the political right, and may have in fact manifested there first. This dissertation also makes the argument that terrorism and the response to terrorism – most notably by the NYPD and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) – coevolved during the period. The actions of terror actors prompted more aggressive investigations by authorities, and the actions of authorities drove terror actors further underground. Building on “intelligence” operations including undercover operatives and secret informants, authorities brought to bear many of the practices that would soon land them in legal trouble such as occurred during the U.S. Senate Church Committee investigation and the “Handschu” civil liberties case brought against the NYPD. And in response to these aggressive and often effective actions by authorities, groups like the Weather Underground in fact went underground. Ultimately, what this dissertation argues is that the history of terrorism in the United States is longer and more diverse than is commonly understood, and even more so than argued in scholarly history, and that the time and place of New York City during this period is uniquely important because of the diversity of the actors and the sheer volume of attacks illustrates how much more broadly accepted this form of political violence was than ever was before, or ever since

Spartan Daily, November 19, 1997

Volume 109, Issue 58https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/spartandaily/9205/thumbnail.jp

Protecting Surface Transportation Systems and Patrons from Terrorist Activities, Research Report 94-04

Contemporary terrorists have made public transportation a new theater of operations. Algerian extremists set off bombs on the subways of Paris in 1995 and 1996; the Irish Republican Army has waged a long running terrorist campaign against Britain’s passenger trains and London’s subways; Palestinian terrorists have carried out suicide bombings on Israel’s buses; and an individualor a group calling itself “Sons of the Gestapo” derailed a passenger train in Arizona in 1995. Islamic extremists planned to set off car bombs in New York’s tunnels and bridges in 1993 and in 1997 they plotted suicide bombings in New York subways. The nerve gas attack on Tokyo’s subways by members of the Aum Shinrikyo sect in 1995 raised the specter that terrorists in the future might resort to weapons of mass destruction to which public transportation is uniquely vulnerable. In order to effectively meet the threat posed by terrorism and other forms of violent crime, it is essential that transportation system operators have a thorough understanding of the security measures employed elsewhere, especially by those transportation entities that have suffered terrorist attacks or that confront high threat levels. This volume reports on the first phase of a continuing research effort carried out by the Norman Y. Mineta International Institute for Surface Transportation Policy Studies (IISTPS) on behalf of the U.S. Department of Transportation. It comprises a chronology of attacks on surface transportation systems; four case studies of transportation security measures (in Paris, Atlanta, and New York, and at Amtrak); security surveys of nine additional cities in the United States; and an annotated bibliography of current literature on the topic