波形制御された細胞外電気刺激による選択的神経線維動員法の基礎的研究

要約のみTohoku University中尾光之課

Physiology and Pathophysiology of Intra-Epidermal Electrically Evoked Potentials

The high prevalence of pathology involving nocicepton, such as in spinal cord pathologies and neuropathic pain, is widespread and clinically relevant. Untl now, assessing nocicepton has largely depended on subjectve quanttatve sensory testng i.e. pain percepton ratngs. Given the subjectvity of pain percepton, it is a challenge to establish objectve neurophysiological tests in human nocicepton. One objectve approach involves evaluatng pain-related evoked potentals (PREPs) in response to specifc noxious stmuli. A potental new neurophysiological noxious stmulaton technique to gather readouts of peripheral and central human nocicepton and pain processing would be intraepidermal electrical stmulaton (IES) elicitng intra-epidermal electrically evoked potentals (IEEPs) a subtype of PREPs. IES relies on a special planar concentric electrode confguraton applying a triple-pulse with low stmulaton intensity on the skin where high focal current density is achieved supposedly resultng in the direct excitaton of primarily intra-epidermal nociceptve fbersincluding Aδ-fbers. However, if the electrical current is not spatally restricted to the epidermis, IES might not be nociceptve-specifc. This could result in the co-actvaton of Aβ-fbers leading to ambiguous results and raising uncertaintes about the clinical potental of IEEPs to assess nocicepton. Consequently, the overarching Ph.D. goal was to systematcally investgate IEEPs in a stepwise process to beter characterize periphera

New Trends in Neuromechanics and Motor Rehabilitation

Neuromechanics has been used to identify optimal rehabilitation protocols that successfully improve motor deficits in various populations, such as elderly people and individuals with neurological diseases (e.g., stroke, Parkinson’s disease, and essential tremor). By investigating structural and functional changes in the central and peripheral nervous systems based on neuromechanical theories and findings, we can expand our knowledge regarding underlying neurophysiological mechanisms and specific motor impairment patterns before and after therapies to further develop new training programs (e.g., non-invasive brain stimulation). Thus, the aim of this Special Issue is to present the main contributions of researchers and rehabilitation specialists in biomechanics, motor control, neurophysiology, neuroscience, and rehabilitation science. The current collection provides new neuromechanical approaches addressing theoretical, methodological, and practical topics for facilitating motor recovery progress

Change blindness: eradication of gestalt strategies

Arrays of eight, texture-defined rectangles were used as stimuli in a one-shot change blindness (CB) task where there was a 50% chance that one rectangle would change orientation between two successive presentations separated by an interval. CB was eliminated by cueing the target rectangle in the first stimulus, reduced by cueing in the interval and unaffected by cueing in the second presentation. This supports the idea that a representation was formed that persisted through the interval before being 'overwritten' by the second presentation (Landman et al, 2003 Vision Research 43149–164]. Another possibility is that participants used some kind of grouping or Gestalt strategy. To test this we changed the spatial position of the rectangles in the second presentation by shifting them along imaginary spokes (by ±1 degree) emanating from the central fixation point. There was no significant difference seen in performance between this and the standard task [F(1,4)=2.565, p=0.185]. This may suggest two things: (i) Gestalt grouping is not used as a strategy in these tasks, and (ii) it gives further weight to the argument that objects may be stored and retrieved from a pre-attentional store during this task

Epidemiology of Injury in English Women's Super league Football: A Cohort Study

INTRODUCTION: The epidemiology of injury in male professional football has been well documented (Ekstrand, Hägglund, & Waldén, 2011) and used as a basis to understand injury trends for a number of years. The prevalence and incidence of injuries occurring in womens super league football is unknown. The aim of this study is to estimate the prevalence and incidence of injury in an English Super League Women’s Football squad. METHODS: Following ethical approval from Leeds Beckett University, players (n = 25) signed to a Women’s Super League Football club provided written informed consent to complete a self-administered injury survey. Measures of exposure, injury and performance over a 12-month period was gathered. Participants were classified as injured if they reported a football injury that required medical attention or withdrawal from participation for one day or more. Injuries were categorised as either traumatic or overuse and whether the injury was a new injury and/or re-injury of the same anatomical site RESULTS: 43 injuries, including re-injury were reported by the 25 participants providing a clinical incidence of 1.72 injuries per player. Total incidence of injury was 10.8/1000 h (95% CI: 7.5 to 14.03). Participants were at higher risk of injury during a match compared with training (32.4 (95% CI: 15.6 to 48.4) vs 8.0 (95% CI: 5.0 to 10.85)/1000 hours, p 28 days) of which there were three non-contact anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries. The epidemiological incidence proportion was 0.80 (95% CI: 0.64 to 0.95) and the average probability that any player on this team will sustain at least one injury was 80.0% (95% CI: 64.3% to 95.6%) CONCLUSION: This is the first report capturing exposure and injury incidence by anatomical site from a cohort of English players and is comparable to that found in Europe (6.3/1000 h (95% CI 5.4 to 7.36) Larruskain et al 2017). The number of ACL injuries highlights a potential injury burden for a squad of this size. Multi-site prospective investigations into the incidence and prevalence of injury in women’s football are require