1957-2007: 50 Years of Higher Order Programming Languages

Fifty years ago one of the greatest breakthroughs in computer programming and in the history of computers happened – the appearance of FORTRAN, the first higher-order programming language. From that time until now hundreds of programming languages were invented, different programming paradigms were defined, all with the main goal to make computer programming easier and closer to as many people as possible. Many battles were fought among scientists as well as among developers around concepts of programming, programming languages and paradigms. It can be said that programming paradigms and programming languages were very often a trigger for many changes and improvements in computer science as well as in computer industry. Definitely, computer programming is one of the cornerstones of computer science. Today there are many tools that give a help in the process of programming, but there is still a programming tasks that can be solved only manually. Therefore, programming is still one of the most creative parts of interaction with computers. Programmers should chose programming language in accordance to task they have to solve, but very often, they chose it in accordance to their personal preferences, their beliefs and many other subjective reasons. Nevertheless, the market of programming languages can be merciless to languages as history was merciless to some people, even whole nations. Programming languages and developers get born, live and die leaving more or less tracks and successors, and not always the best survives. The history of programming languages is closely connected to the history of computers and computer science itself. Every single thing from one of them has its reflexions onto the other. This paper gives a short overview of last fifty years of computer programming and computer programming languages, but also gives many ideas that influenced other aspects of computer science. Particularly, programming paradigms are described, their intentions and goals, as well as the most of the significant languages of all paradigms

Aplicaciones del cómputo científico: mantenimiento del software heredado

Las aplicaciones de cómputo científico pueden considerarse como el tipo de software más longevo que haya sido creado. Hoy en día se pueden encontrar grandes referentes de este tipo de software diseminado en varias disciplinas de la ciencia, como Física, Química, Matemáticas, Biología, Economía, etc. Uno de los ejemplos más vigentes en la actualidad son los llamados Modelos Climáticos Globales o Global Climate Models (en inglés) utilizados para el estudio climático. Los científicos han desarrollado software desde la aparición de los primeros lenguajes de programación ya hace mas de 76 años. Fortran es el primer lenguaje de alto nivel creado, el primer lenguaje en tener su propio estándar y el mas utilizado en HPC junto con C. En la tesis se introduce una nueva metodología de desarrollo de software llamada Change Driven Development (CDD), creada inicialmente para el proceso de mantenimiento, basada tres aspectos: aspectos esenciales del software (el cambio), herramientas de desarrollo altamente integradas y transformaciones de código fuente(restructuring y refactoring). En la misma se describe detalladamente la metodología y se valida mediante 4 casos de estudios de diversa índole.Facultad de Informátic