Compressive forces causing rod buckling in sucker rod pumps and using sinker bars to prevent buckling

Sucker rod pumps has been the most commonly used pumps in the petroleum industry. Therefore, many studies associated with sucker rods focuses on maximizing the rod life. Rod buckling is a leading problem which causes concentrated wear on tubing wall, immediate failure in rod strings, and shortens fatigue life of the string. This study fundamentally consists of a review of the literature on compressive forces causing rod buckling in sucker rod pumps and using sinker bars to prevent buckling. The study initially addresses defining rod buckling, and then continues with the studies on analyzing the static forces acting near pump in the literature. Subsequently, the critical loads causing rod buckling, and the various approximations to estimate these critical loads are discussed. Then, the comparisons of the measured and calculated critical loads in the literature are presented. Next, the two of the most commonly experienced buckling types in the sucker pumps, sinusoidal buckling and helical buckling, are discussed. An example study on developing a model to estimate compressive forces acting on the pump plunger is reviewed to illustrate the importance of the parameters, such as surface roughness of pump, valve diameter, and pump geometry. Lastly, using sinker bar which is the most practiced method in the industry to prevent rod buckling is extensively discussed and demonstrated.Petroleum and Geosystems Engineerin

Chemical and ecological health of white sucker (Catostomus commersoni) in Rock Creek Park, Washington, D.C., 2003-04 / by Cherie V. Miller ... [et al.] ; prepared in copoeration with the National Park Service

Several classes of chemicals that are known or suspected contaminants were found in bed sediment in Rock Creek, including polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), phthalate esters, organochlorine pesticides, dioxins and furans, trace metals and metalloids (mercury, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, lead, nickel, silver, and zinc), and polychlorinated biphenyls (total PCBs and selected aroclors). Concentrations of many of these chemicals consistently exceeded thresholdor chronic-effects guidelines for the protection of aquatic life and often exceeded probable effects levels (PELs). Exceedance of PELs was dependent on the amount of total organic carbon in the sediments. Concurrent with the collection of sediment-quality data, white sucker (Catostomus commersoni) were evaluated for gross-external and internal-organ anomalies, whole-body burdens of chemical contaminants, and gut contents to determine prey. The histopathology of internal tissues of white sucker was compared to contaminant levels in fish tissue and bed sediment. Gut contents were examined to determine preferential prey and thus potential pathways for the bioaccumulation of chemicals from bed sediments. Male and female fish were tested separately. Lesions and other necroses were observed in all fish collected during both years of sample collection, indicating that fish in Rock Creek have experienced some form of environmental stress. No direct cause and effect was determined for chemical exposure and compromised fish health, but a substantial weight of evidence indicates that white sucker, which are bottom-eeding fish and low-order consumers in Rock Creek, are experiencing some reduction in vitality, possibly due to immunosuppression. Abnormalities observed in gonads of both sexes of white sucker and observations of abnormal behavior during spawning indicated some interruption in reproductive success

The Sucker Norm

In this paper, I review the theoretical and empirical scholarship bearing on the notion of being a sucker. I suggest that there is a social norm against being a sucker, and that a number of experimental results could be reconsidered in light of this sucker norm. First, I establish, at least for the purposes of this analysis, the basic parameters of what it means to be a sucker. Second, I consider when the fear of being a sucker is helpful or normative, and when it seems to be misapplied to cases in which it might actually lead to sub-optimal outcomes. I suggest that the fear of being a sucker is especially potent because it defies a social norm. Third, I review research on situations in which people might try (and succeed) to avoid invoking the sucker norm so that they can accept a disadvantageously inequitable allocation when there is no chance for a higher payoff. I discuss how certain forms of retaliation and punishment might be explained as ways to alleviate the uncomfortable feeling of being a sucker. Finally, I offer some preliminary data on the effect of the sucker norm on behavior in an experimental game, and consider the possible implications of these results and directions for future researc

The Effect of Nitrogen Rate and Method of Sucker Control on Dry Matter Accumulation in Different Plant Parts of Burley 21 Tobacco

Earlier research has shown that higher leaf yields of burley tobacco result from topping and controlling sucker (axillary bud) growth. Suckering practices which provide the greatest degree of sucker control generally result in highest leaf yields . Chemically suckering with maleic hydrazide (MH-30) and other chemicals provides for a higher degree of control than most hand sucker ing practices although hand sucker ing at frequent intervals may produce leaf yields comparable to those from use of maleic hydrazide. High leaf yields resulting from a high degree of sucker control has been attributed to the elimination of the use of photosynthate to produce suckers

Predicting the impact of a northern pike (Esox lucius) invasion on endangered June sucker (Chasmistes liorus) and sport fishes in Utah Lake, UT

Invasive species introductions are associated with negative economic and environmental impacts, including reductions in native species populations. Successful invasive species populations often grow rapidly and a new food web equilibrium is established. Invasive, predatory northern pike (Esox lucius; hereafter pike) were detected in 2010 in Utah Lake, UT, a highly-degraded ecosystem home to the endemic, endangered June sucker (Chasmistes liorus). Here we test whether pike predation could hinder the restoration efforts of June sucker using the number of June sucker consumed by pike at various population densities as our metric. More specifically, we considered pike density at which the population could consume all June sucker stocked a critical threshold. Currently the number of naturally recruited June sucker is drastically lower than the number stocked. Thus, the metric we used to determine whether the pike population could hinder the June sucker restoration efforts is the number of pike that could consume the number of June sucker stocked. We combined pike growth and foraging observations with an energy-budget, bioenergetics consumption model to quantify lake-wide pike predation on June sucker. We also used an age-structured density dependent population model to estimate the pike population growth trajectory under various mitigation scenarios. Of 125 pike, we found an average pike consumes 0.8-1.0% June sucker and 40% sport fish. According to our bioenergetics model simulations, a population of adult pike at a very high density (60 pike per hectare) has the potential to consume nearly 6 million age-0 June sucker per year, which is likely more June sucker consumed than exist in the environment. In addition, our model suggests that an adult pike density greater than 1.5 pike per hectare has the potential to consume all June sucker stocked annually. Our age-structured population model suggests the pike population will reach equilibrium around 2026 at between 8 and 12 adult pike per hectare with the potential to consume between 0.8 and 1.2 million age-0 June sucker per year, respectively. The growing pike population could hamper restoration efforts and threaten endangered June sucker, a population with a mere 2,000 adults, in jeopardy of extinction. Our findings not only inform pike management efforts, but also highlight the importance of allocating resources toward habitat restoration to provide refuge for juvenile June sucker from predation, preventing the spread of aquatic invasive species, and the need for aquatic invasive species education

DAMAGE ANALYSIS OF SUCKER ROD STRING DUE TO EXCEEDS STRESS ON ARTIFICIAL LIFT SUCKER ROD PUMP WELL IR-01 TALANG AKAR PENDOPO FIELD

ABSTRAK Sumur IR-01 menggunakan sucker rod pump sebagai metode pengangkatan buatan dalam memproduksikan minyak. Data riwayat sumur pada tahun 2017 menunjukkan bahwa sering sekali mengalami permasalahan sucker rod putus, sehingga perlu dilakukan upaya pemecahan masalah. Analisis yang digunakan untuk mengetahui penyebab kerusakan rangkaian sucker rod pada sumur IR-01 adalah dengan melakukan perhitungan beban pada polished rod dan kinerja SRP secara teori, serta menggunakan interpretasi data hasil dynamometer test guna mendapatkan data aktual beban polished rod khususnya tingkat stress sucker rod di lapangan. Setelah dianalisis penyebab permasalahan maka dapat dilakukan upaya penanganan masalah dengan memberikan rekomendasi perencanaan ulang untuk mengatasi permasalahan sucker rod pada sumur IR-01

Wirkung verschiedener Insektizide und Repellentien gegen den Gemeinen Birnenblattsauger (Cacopsylla pyri)

The efficacy of different insecticides (neem, pyrethrin, spinosad, and rotenone) and a repellent (kaolin) applied with different strategies (single or repeated applications) against the over-wintering pear suckers (Cacopsylla pyri) and nymphs of the first generation was tested in a field trial in Switzerland in spring 2003. Rotenone, the only admitted product in Swiss organic agriculture, showed good effects. But, since Rotenone is toxic for non-target insects we looked for an alternative. The application of spinosad (Audienz) in combination with rape oil (Telmion) as well as the application of pyrethrum showed similar efficacy as rotenone. Neem had no or a very low impact on the pear sucker populations. The repellent kaolin (Surround® WP) showed the best efficacy against the European pear sucker: triple application of kaolin before blossom was most efficient. Since kaolin is not toxic for beneficials this product might be an alternative to rotenone

Distribution, Density, Movement, and Support for Management of Mountain Sucker, \u3cem\u3ePantosteus jordani\u3c/em\u3e, in the Black Hills of South Dakota

Mountain Sucker, Pantosteus jordani, is a cold-water species native to the Intermountain West. Fringe populations of Mountain Sucker have experienced declines in recent decades. The population of Mountain Sucker found in the Black Hills of South Dakota represents the eastern fringe of the species’ native range. Recognized as both an indicator of biologic health and as a species of greatest conservation need in South Dakota, recent studies have suggested significant declines in both distribution and abundance. Despite the recent study of Mountain Sucker in the region, increased understanding of Mountain Sucker ecology is needed to effectively manage for the conservation of this species. First, I assessed public perceptions towards the management of non-game, native species in the region. Traditional stream management has focused on the proliferation of non-native salmonids due to their recreational and economic value. Public support for management was generally positive for residents of the Black Hills region. Next, I assessed the general movements of Mountain Sucker. General movements were small, indicating high-sight fidelity and limited potential for recolonization of streams and locations where they have been extirpated. Third, we examined segment-scale habitat variable to predict distribution of Mountain Sucker throughout the Black Hills stream network in South Dakota. Previous work identified the importance of stream permanency in influencing Mountain Sucker occurrence, our results indicated that Mountains Sucker distributions were primarily impacted by mean August stream temperatures at the segment scale. We assessed the current distribution of Mountain Sucker in the Black Hills of South Dakota for comparison with the findings of the most recent research. Mountain Sucker were found in more drainages and at more locations than in the previous study, likely a result of increased detection probabilities associated with more intensive survey designs and repeated site visits. Finally, we assessed 25-year trends in Mountain Sucker density in historically sampled locations. General trends in density were negative; however, significant trends were only observed in three locations. Mountain Sucker appear to have been extirpated from three streams since the most resent assessment. Several sampling locations included high densities of Mountain Sucker that could serve as source populations for restoration efforts via translocation. Overall, this research provides insight into the status of Mountain Sucker in the Black Hills of South Dakota, and the level of public support of active management of this regionally imperiled species. Managers can use this information to guide potential conservation efforts, such as translocations

Studi Optimasi Kinerja Sucker Rod Pump pada Sumur A-1, A-2,Z-1, dan Z-2 Menggunakan Perangkat Lunak Prosper

Sucker rod pump is a type of artificial lift methods are often used to date. Sucker rod pump suitablefor wells with low productivity, as well as the relative ease in operation and treatment becausepeople in the field have been much acquainted with this type of pump. Sucker rod pump workingprinciple or often called beam pumping up and down movement harnesses from the plunger topush the fluid reservoir to the surface. Optimization sucker rod pump performance can beperformed using software prosper