12,568 research outputs found

    Meso-scale FDM material layout design strategies under manufacturability constraints and fracture conditions

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    In the manufacturability-driven design (MDD) perspective, manufacturability of the product or system is the most important of the design requirements. In addition to being able to ensure that complex designs (e.g., topology optimization) are manufacturable with a given process or process family, MDD also helps mechanical designers to take advantage of unique process-material effects generated during manufacturing. One of the most recognizable examples of this comes from the scanning-type family of additive manufacturing (AM) processes; the most notable and familiar member of this family is the fused deposition modeling (FDM) or fused filament fabrication (FFF) process. This process works by selectively depositing uniform, approximately isotropic beads or elements of molten thermoplastic material (typically structural engineering plastics) in a series of pre-specified traces to build each layer of the part. There are many interesting 2-D and 3-D mechanical design problems that can be explored by designing the layout of these elements. The resulting structured, hierarchical material (which is both manufacturable and customized layer-by-layer within the limits of the process and material) can be defined as a manufacturing process-driven structured material (MPDSM). This dissertation explores several practical methods for designing these element layouts for 2-D and 3-D meso-scale mechanical problems, focusing ultimately on design-for-fracture. Three different fracture conditions are explored: (1) cases where a crack must be prevented or stopped, (2) cases where the crack must be encouraged or accelerated, and (3) cases where cracks must grow in a simple pre-determined pattern. Several new design tools, including a mapping method for the FDM manufacturability constraints, three major literature reviews, the collection, organization, and analysis of several large (qualitative and quantitative) multi-scale datasets on the fracture behavior of FDM-processed materials, some new experimental equipment, and the refinement of a fast and simple g-code generator based on commercially-available software, were developed and refined to support the design of MPDSMs under fracture conditions. The refined design method and rules were experimentally validated using a series of case studies (involving both design and physical testing of the designs) at the end of the dissertation. Finally, a simple design guide for practicing engineers who are not experts in advanced solid mechanics nor process-tailored materials was developed from the results of this project.U of I OnlyAuthor's request

    Examples of works to practice staccato technique in clarinet instrument

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    Klarnetin staccato tekniğini güçlendirme aşamaları eser çalışmalarıyla uygulanmıştır. Staccato geçişlerini hızlandıracak ritim ve nüans çalışmalarına yer verilmiştir. Çalışmanın en önemli amacı sadece staccato çalışması değil parmak-dilin eş zamanlı uyumunun hassasiyeti üzerinde de durulmasıdır. Staccato çalışmalarını daha verimli hale getirmek için eser çalışmasının içinde etüt çalışmasına da yer verilmiştir. Çalışmaların üzerinde titizlikle durulması staccato çalışmasının ilham verici etkisi ile müzikal kimliğe yeni bir boyut kazandırmıştır. Sekiz özgün eser çalışmasının her aşaması anlatılmıştır. Her aşamanın bir sonraki performans ve tekniği güçlendirmesi esas alınmıştır. Bu çalışmada staccato tekniğinin hangi alanlarda kullanıldığı, nasıl sonuçlar elde edildiği bilgisine yer verilmiştir. Notaların parmak ve dil uyumu ile nasıl şekilleneceği ve nasıl bir çalışma disiplini içinde gerçekleşeceği planlanmıştır. Kamış-nota-diyafram-parmak-dil-nüans ve disiplin kavramlarının staccato tekniğinde ayrılmaz bir bütün olduğu saptanmıştır. Araştırmada literatür taraması yapılarak staccato ile ilgili çalışmalar taranmıştır. Tarama sonucunda klarnet tekniğin de kullanılan staccato eser çalışmasının az olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Metot taramasında da etüt çalışmasının daha çok olduğu saptanmıştır. Böylelikle klarnetin staccato tekniğini hızlandırma ve güçlendirme çalışmaları sunulmuştur. Staccato etüt çalışmaları yapılırken, araya eser çalışmasının girmesi beyni rahatlattığı ve istekliliği daha arttırdığı gözlemlenmiştir. Staccato çalışmasını yaparken doğru bir kamış seçimi üzerinde de durulmuştur. Staccato tekniğini doğru çalışmak için doğru bir kamışın dil hızını arttırdığı saptanmıştır. Doğru bir kamış seçimi kamıştan rahat ses çıkmasına bağlıdır. Kamış, dil atma gücünü vermiyorsa daha doğru bir kamış seçiminin yapılması gerekliliği vurgulanmıştır. Staccato çalışmalarında baştan sona bir eseri yorumlamak zor olabilir. Bu açıdan çalışma, verilen müzikal nüanslara uymanın, dil atış performansını rahatlattığını ortaya koymuştur. Gelecek nesillere edinilen bilgi ve birikimlerin aktarılması ve geliştirici olması teşvik edilmiştir. Çıkacak eserlerin nasıl çözüleceği, staccato tekniğinin nasıl üstesinden gelinebileceği anlatılmıştır. Staccato tekniğinin daha kısa sürede çözüme kavuşturulması amaç edinilmiştir. Parmakların yerlerini öğrettiğimiz kadar belleğimize de çalışmaların kaydedilmesi önemlidir. Gösterilen azmin ve sabrın sonucu olarak ortaya çıkan yapıt başarıyı daha da yukarı seviyelere çıkaracaktır

    Norsk rå kumelk, en kilde til zoonotiske patogener?

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    The worldwide emerging trend of eating “natural” foods, that has not been processed, also applies for beverages. According to Norwegian legislation, all milk must be pasteurized before commercial sale but drinking milk that has not been heat-treated, is gaining increasing popularity. Scientist are warning against this trend and highlights the risk of contracting disease from milkborne microorganisms. To examine potential risks associated with drinking unpasteurized milk in Norway, milk- and environmental samples were collected from dairy farms located in south-east of Norway. The samples were analyzed for the presence of specific zoonotic pathogens; Listeria monocytogenes, Campylobacter spp., and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC). Cattle are known to be healthy carriers of these pathogens, and Campylobacter spp. and STEC have a low infectious dose, meaning that infection can be established by ingesting a low number of bacterial cells. L. monocytogenes causes one of the most severe foodborne zoonotic diseases, listeriosis, that has a high fatality rate. All three pathogens have caused milk borne disease outbreaks all over the world, also in Norway. During this work, we observed that the prevalence of the three examined bacteria were high in the environment at the examined farms. In addition, 7% of the milk filters were contaminated by STEC, 13% by L. monocytogenes and 4% by Campylobacter spp. Four of the STEC isolates detected were eaepositive, which is associated with the capability to cause severe human disease. One of the eae-positive STEC isolates were collected from a milk filter, which strongly indicate that Norwegian raw milk may contain potential pathogenic STEC. To further assess the possibilities of getting ill by STEC after consuming raw milk, we examined the growth of the four eae-positive STEC isolates in raw milk at different temperatures. All four isolates seemed to have ability to multiply in raw milk at 8°C, and one isolate had significant growth after 72 hours. Incubation at 6°C seemed to reduce the number of bacteria during the first 24 hours before cell death stopped. These findings highlight the importance of stable refrigerator temperatures, preferable < 4°C, for storage of raw milk. The L. monocytogenes isolates collected during this study show genetic similarities to isolates collected from urban and rural environmental locations, but different clones were predominant in agricultural environments compared to clinical and food environments. However, the results indicate that the same clone can persist in a farm over time, and that milk can be contaminated by L. monocytogenes clones present in farm environment. Despite testing small volumes (25 mL) of milk, we were able to isolate both STEC and Campylobacter spp. directly from raw milk. A proportion of 3% of the bulk tank milk and teat milk samples were contaminated by Campylobacter spp. and one STEC was isolated from bulk tank milk. L monocytogenes was not detected in bulk tank milk, nor in teat milk samples. The agricultural evolvement during the past decades have led to larger production units and new food safety challenges. Dairy cattle production in Norway is in a current transition from tie-stall housing with conventional pipeline milking systems, to modern loose housing systems with robotic milking. The occurrence of the three pathogens in this project were higher in samples collected from farms with loose housing compared to those with tiestall housing. Pasteurization of cow’s milk is a risk reducing procedure to protect consumers from microbial pathogens and in most EU countries, commercial distribution of unpasteurized milk is legally restricted. Together, the results presented in this thesis show that the animal housing may influence the level of pathogenic bacteria in the raw milk and that ingestion of Norwegian raw cow’s milk may expose consumers to pathogenic bacteria which can cause severe disease, especially in children, elderly and in persons with underlying diseases. The results also highlight the importance of storing raw milk at low temperatures between milking and consumption.Å spise mat som er mindre prosessert og mer «naturlig» er en pågående trend i Norge og i andre deler av verden. Interessen for å drikke melk som ikke er varmebehandlet, såkalt rå melk, er også økende. I Norge er det påbudt å pasteurisere melk før kommersielt salg for å beskytte forbrukeren mot sykdomsfremkallende mikroorganismer. Fagfolk advarer mot å drikke rå melk, og påpeker risikoen for å bli syk av patogene bakterier som kan finnes i melken. I denne avhandlingen undersøker vi den potensielle risikoen det medfører å drikke upasteurisert melk fra Norge. I tillegg til å samle inn tankmelk- og speneprøver fra melkegårder i sørøst Norge, samlet vi også miljøprøver fra de samme gårdene for å kartlegge forekomst og for å identifisere potensielle mattrygghetsrisikoer i melkeproduksjonen. Alle prøvene ble analysert for de zoonotiske sykdomsfremkallende bakteriene Listeria monocytogenes, Campylobacter spp., og Shiga toksin-produserende Escherichia coli (STEC). Kyr kan være friske smittebærere av disse bakteriene, som dermed kan etablere et reservoar på gårdene. Bakteriene kan overføres fra gårdsmiljøet til melkekjeden og dermed utfordre mattryggheten. Disse bakteriene har forårsaket melkebårne sykdomsutbrudd over hele verden, også i Norge. Campylobacter spp. og STEC har lav infeksiøs dose, som vil si at man kan bli syk selv om man bare inntar et lavt antall bakterieceller. L. monocytogenes kan gi sykdommen listeriose, en av de mest alvorlige matbårne zoonotiske sykdommene vi har i den vestlige verden. Resultater fra denne oppgaven viser en høy forekomst av de tre patogenene i gårdsmiljøet. I tillegg var 7% av melkefiltrene vi testet positive for STEC, 13% positive for L. monocytogenes og 4% positive for Campylobacter spp.. Fire av STEC isolatene bar genet for Intimin, eae, som er ansett som en viktig virulensfaktor som øker sjansen for alvorlig sykdom. Ett av de eae-positive isolatene ble funnet i et melkefilter, noe som indikerer at norsk rå melk kan inneholde patogene STEC. For å videre vurdere risikoen for å bli syk av STEC fra rå melk undersøkte vi hvordan de fire eae-positive isolatene vokste i rå melk lagret ved forskjellige temperaturer. For alle isolatene økte antall bakterier etter lagring ved 8°C, og for et isolat var veksten signifikant. Etter lagring ved 6°C ble antallet bakterier redusert de første 24 timene, deretter stoppet reduksjonen i antall bakterier. Disse resultatene viser hvor viktig det er å ha stabil lav lagringstemperatur for rå melk, helst < 4°C. L. monocytogenes isolatene som ble samlet inn fra melkegårdene viste genetiske likheter med isolater samlet inn fra urbane og rurale miljøer rundt omkring i Norge. Derimot var kloner som dominerte i landbruksmiljøet forskjellige fra kliniske isolater og isolater fra matproduksjonslokaler. Videre så man at en klone kan persistere på en gård over tid og at melk kan kontamineres av L. monocytogenes kloner som er til stede i gårdsmiljøet. Til tross for små testvolum av tankmelken (25 mL) fant vi både STEC og Campylobacter spp. i melkeprøvene. 3% av tankmelkprøvene og speneprøvene var positive for Campylobacter spp. og ett STEC isolat ble funnet i tankmelk. L. monocytogenes ble ikke funnet direkte i melkeprøvene. Landbruket i Norge er i stadig utvikling der besetningene blir større, men færre. Melkebesetningene er midt i en overgang der tradisjonell oppstalling med melking på bås byttes ut med løsdriftssystemer og melkeroboter. Forekomsten av de tre patogenene funnet i denne studien var høyere i besetningene med løsdrift sammenliknet med besetningene som hadde melkekyrne oppstallet på bås. Pasteurisering er et viktig forebyggende tiltak for å beskytte konsumenter fra mikrobielle patogener, og i de fleste EU-land er kommersielt salg av rå melk juridisk begrenset. Denne studien viser at oppstallingstype kan påvirke nivåene av patogene bakterier i gårdsmiljøet og i rå melk. Inntak av rå melk kan eksponere forbruker for patogene bakterier som kan gi alvorlig sykdom, spesielt hos barn, eldre og personer med underliggende sykdommer. Resultatene underbygger viktigheten av å pasteurisere melk for å sikre mattryggheten, og at det er avgjørende å lagre rå melk ved kontinuerlig lave temperaturer for å forebygge vekst av zoonotiske patogener

    Human-Art: A Versatile Human-Centric Dataset Bridging Natural and Artificial Scenes

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    Humans have long been recorded in a variety of forms since antiquity. For example, sculptures and paintings were the primary media for depicting human beings before the invention of cameras. However, most current human-centric computer vision tasks like human pose estimation and human image generation focus exclusively on natural images in the real world. Artificial humans, such as those in sculptures, paintings, and cartoons, are commonly neglected, making existing models fail in these scenarios. As an abstraction of life, art incorporates humans in both natural and artificial scenes. We take advantage of it and introduce the Human-Art dataset to bridge related tasks in natural and artificial scenarios. Specifically, Human-Art contains 50k high-quality images with over 123k person instances from 5 natural and 15 artificial scenarios, which are annotated with bounding boxes, keypoints, self-contact points, and text information for humans represented in both 2D and 3D. It is, therefore, comprehensive and versatile for various downstream tasks. We also provide a rich set of baseline results and detailed analyses for related tasks, including human detection, 2D and 3D human pose estimation, image generation, and motion transfer. As a challenging dataset, we hope Human-Art can provide insights for relevant research and open up new research questions.Comment: CVPR202

    Anuário científico da Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Lisboa - 2021

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    É com grande prazer que apresentamos a mais recente edição (a 11.ª) do Anuário Científico da Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Lisboa. Como instituição de ensino superior, temos o compromisso de promover e incentivar a pesquisa científica em todas as áreas do conhecimento que contemplam a nossa missão. Esta publicação tem como objetivo divulgar toda a produção científica desenvolvida pelos Professores, Investigadores, Estudantes e Pessoal não Docente da ESTeSL durante 2021. Este Anuário é, assim, o reflexo do trabalho árduo e dedicado da nossa comunidade, que se empenhou na produção de conteúdo científico de elevada qualidade e partilhada com a Sociedade na forma de livros, capítulos de livros, artigos publicados em revistas nacionais e internacionais, resumos de comunicações orais e pósteres, bem como resultado dos trabalhos de 1º e 2º ciclo. Com isto, o conteúdo desta publicação abrange uma ampla variedade de tópicos, desde temas mais fundamentais até estudos de aplicação prática em contextos específicos de Saúde, refletindo desta forma a pluralidade e diversidade de áreas que definem, e tornam única, a ESTeSL. Acreditamos que a investigação e pesquisa científica é um eixo fundamental para o desenvolvimento da sociedade e é por isso que incentivamos os nossos estudantes a envolverem-se em atividades de pesquisa e prática baseada na evidência desde o início dos seus estudos na ESTeSL. Esta publicação é um exemplo do sucesso desses esforços, sendo a maior de sempre, o que faz com que estejamos muito orgulhosos em partilhar os resultados e descobertas dos nossos investigadores com a comunidade científica e o público em geral. Esperamos que este Anuário inspire e motive outros estudantes, profissionais de saúde, professores e outros colaboradores a continuarem a explorar novas ideias e contribuir para o avanço da ciência e da tecnologia no corpo de conhecimento próprio das áreas que compõe a ESTeSL. Agradecemos a todos os envolvidos na produção deste anuário e desejamos uma leitura inspiradora e agradável.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

    Learning disentangled speech representations

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    A variety of informational factors are contained within the speech signal and a single short recording of speech reveals much more than the spoken words. The best method to extract and represent informational factors from the speech signal ultimately depends on which informational factors are desired and how they will be used. In addition, sometimes methods will capture more than one informational factor at the same time such as speaker identity, spoken content, and speaker prosody. The goal of this dissertation is to explore different ways to deconstruct the speech signal into abstract representations that can be learned and later reused in various speech technology tasks. This task of deconstructing, also known as disentanglement, is a form of distributed representation learning. As a general approach to disentanglement, there are some guiding principles that elaborate what a learned representation should contain as well as how it should function. In particular, learned representations should contain all of the requisite information in a more compact manner, be interpretable, remove nuisance factors of irrelevant information, be useful in downstream tasks, and independent of the task at hand. The learned representations should also be able to answer counter-factual questions. In some cases, learned speech representations can be re-assembled in different ways according to the requirements of downstream applications. For example, in a voice conversion task, the speech content is retained while the speaker identity is changed. And in a content-privacy task, some targeted content may be concealed without affecting how surrounding words sound. While there is no single-best method to disentangle all types of factors, some end-to-end approaches demonstrate a promising degree of generalization to diverse speech tasks. This thesis explores a variety of use-cases for disentangled representations including phone recognition, speaker diarization, linguistic code-switching, voice conversion, and content-based privacy masking. Speech representations can also be utilised for automatically assessing the quality and authenticity of speech, such as automatic MOS ratings or detecting deep fakes. The meaning of the term "disentanglement" is not well defined in previous work, and it has acquired several meanings depending on the domain (e.g. image vs. speech). Sometimes the term "disentanglement" is used interchangeably with the term "factorization". This thesis proposes that disentanglement of speech is distinct, and offers a viewpoint of disentanglement that can be considered both theoretically and practically

    TOWARDS AN UNDERSTANDING OF EFFORTFUL FUNDRAISING EXPERIENCES: USING INTERPRETATIVE PHENOMENOLOGICAL ANALYSIS IN FUNDRAISING RESEARCH

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    Physical-activity oriented community fundraising has experienced an exponential growth in popularity over the past 15 years. The aim of this study was to explore the value of effortful fundraising experiences, from the point of view of participants, and explore the impact that these experiences have on people’s lives. This study used an IPA approach to interview 23 individuals, recognising the role of participants as proxy (nonprofessional) fundraisers for charitable organisations, and the unique organisation donor dynamic that this creates. It also bought together relevant psychological theory related to physical activity fundraising experiences (through a narrative literature review) and used primary interview data to substantiate these. Effortful fundraising experiences are examined in detail to understand their significance to participants, and how such experiences influence their connection with a charity or cause. This was done with an idiographic focus at first, before examining convergences and divergences across the sample. This study found that effortful fundraising experiences can have a profound positive impact upon community fundraisers in both the short and the long term. Additionally, it found that these experiences can be opportunities for charitable organisations to create lasting meaningful relationships with participants, and foster mutually beneficial lifetime relationships with them. Further research is needed to test specific psychological theory in this context, including self-esteem theory, self determination theory, and the martyrdom effect (among others)

    Programmes d'intervention familiale intensive : ajustement des interventions et évolution des familles présentant des profils cliniques distincts

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    La présente thèse par articles porte sur les programmes d’intervention familiale intensive et s’inscrit dans le cadre du programme de doctorat en psychoéducation de l’Université de Sherbrooke ayant pour thème Les difficultés de comportement des enfants et des adolescents et les interventions psychoéducatives. Les données utilisées pour réaliser cette thèse proviennent de l’étude de Pauzé et ses collègues (2014) visant à examiner l’impact de l’application fidèle du programme Crise-Ado-Famille-Enfance (CAFE). Les programmes d’intervention familiale intensive, élaborés afin de prévenir le placement d’urgence des jeunes en milieu substitut et s’adressant particulièrement aux adolescent(e)s présentant des problèmes de comportement et à leur famille, sont largement implantés au Québec et en Amérique du Nord. Ces programmes offrent une intervention ajustée aux profils cliniques des familles et ciblent à la fois l’urgence de la situation de crise et les facteurs psychosociaux en cause dans l’émergence et le maintien de la crise familiale et des problèmes de comportement des adolescent(e)s. Plusieurs méta-analyses ont démontré l’efficacité de ces programmes, notamment pour réduire les taux de placement en milieu substitut, diminuer les problèmes de comportement des adolescent(e)s et améliorer le fonctionnement familial. Toutefois, les résultats de ces méta-analyses sont mitigés et la compréhension de l’efficacité des programmes demeure toujours lacunaire, notamment en raison de l’hétérogénéité des difficultés présentées par les familles et de l’utilisation d’indicateurs de changement majoritairement centrés sur le fonctionnement de l’adolescent(e). La présente thèse vise à pallier ces limites en s’intéressant aux processus cliniques au cœur de ces programmes, c’est-à-dire à ce qui prend place avant et pendant l’intervention et à la relation entre ces processus et les résultats de l’intervention. Le premier article de la thèse, intitulé Intensive family intervention programs: tailoring intervention to family clinical profiles et publié en 2020 dans la revue Children and Youth Services Review, vise à identifier des profils cliniques de familles bénéficiant d’un programme d’intervention familiale intensive et à les comparer en fonction de l’intervention reçue. Réalisée à partir de caractéristiques individuelles de l’adolescent(e) et de caractéristiques familiales de 237 familles ayant bénéficié du programme CAFE, les analyses de profils latents ont mené à l’identification de quatre profils cliniques distincts. Les analyses de comparaison ont permis de mettre en lumière des différences concernant l’intervention reçue par ces familles et signalent un certain manque d’ajustement de l’intervention aux profils cliniques des familles. Le second article de la thèse, intitulé Intensive family intervention programs: Evolution of families with different clinical profiles et soumis en 2021 à la revue Family Process visait quant à lui à examiner l’évolution des jeunes et des familles présentant des profils cliniques distincts à la fin de l’intervention ainsi qu’une année suivant l’entrée dans le programme. Les résultats montrent que l’ensemble des familles évoluent positivement, tant sur le plan des comportements extériorisés de l’adolescent(e) que sur le plan du fonctionnement familial. Les résultats montrent également que les changements se maintiennent après la fin de l’intervention. Les familles présentant un profil clinique sévère semblent toutefois présenter une évolution plus tardive sur le plan des comportements extériorisés de l’adolescent(e), soulignant l’importance d’ajuster les paramètres de l’intervention offerte aux profils cliniques des familles. Les résultats de la présente thèse contribuent à l’avancement des connaissances en mettant en lumière la complexité des profils cliniques présentés par les familles bénéficiant d’une intervention familiale intensive et en s’intéressant à l’ajustement de l’intervention aux caractéristiques des jeunes et des familles, principe clé de ce type de programmes. La présente thèse contribue également à l’avancement des connaissances en allant au-delà de l’efficacité générale des programmes et en portant un regard sur les processus cliniques et leur impact sur l’évolution des familles présentant des profils cliniques distincts. Ces résultats permettront d’améliorer les services offerts aux jeunes et aux familles bénéficiant des programmes d’intervention familiale intensive

    Defining Service Level Agreements in Serverless Computing

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    The emergence of serverless computing has brought significant advancements to the delivery of computing resources to cloud users. With the abstraction of infrastructure, ecosystem, and execution environments, users could focus on their code while relying on the cloud provider to manage the abstracted layers. In addition, desirable features such as autoscaling and high availability became a provider’s responsibility and can be adopted by the user\u27s application at no extra overhead. Despite such advancements, significant challenges must be overcome as applications transition from monolithic stand-alone deployments to the ephemeral and stateless microservice model of serverless computing. These challenges pertain to the uniqueness of the conceptual and implementation models of serverless computing. One of the notable challenges is the complexity of defining Service Level Agreements (SLA) for serverless functions. As the serverless model shifts the administration of resources, ecosystem, and execution layers to the provider, users become mere consumers of the provider’s abstracted platform with no insight into its performance. Suboptimal conditions of the abstracted layers are not visible to the end-user who has no means to assess their performance. Thus, SLA in serverless computing must take into consideration the unique abstraction of its model. This work investigates the Service Level Agreement (SLA) modeling of serverless functions\u27 and serverless chains’ executions. We highlight how serverless SLA fundamentally differs from earlier cloud delivery models. We then propose an approach to define SLA for serverless functions by utilizing resource utilization fingerprints for functions\u27 executions and a method to assess if executions adhere to that SLA. We evaluate the approach’s accuracy in detecting SLA violations for a broad range of serverless application categories. Our validation results illustrate a high accuracy in detecting SLA violations resulting from resource contentions and provider’s ecosystem degradations. We conclude by presenting the empirical validation of our proposed approach, which could detect Execution-SLA violations with accuracy up to 99%
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