Modelling And Simulation Of Movements And Behaviours In Large Crowd Using Cellular Automata.

Kumpulan ramai (crowd) adalah satu daripada fenomena yang lumrah dalam kehidupan kita. Reka bentuk bangunan dan tempat-tempat awam hendaklah menjamin tahap keselamatan minimum yang diperlukan serta keselesaan terhadap kesesakan orang ramai. Crowds are one of the ubiquitous phenomena in our life. Design of buildings and public places should therefore guarantee a minimum level of safety, comfort and throughput for the crowd

CFD Based Numerical Study of Pilgrim

Tawaf is one of the most important rituals of Hajj/Umrah pilgrimage and is performed in the Mataf area of the holy mosqu

Simulation Of A Composite Queuing Model Of The Entrance And Exit Of Pilgrims From Al-Masjid Al-Haram

Mathematics has always provided solutions for practical life problems. This study uses mathematics to suggest solutions to the problem of overcrowd during ‘Tawaf’ ritual of Hajj. One of the rituals during Hajj is the ‘Tawaf”, that is the circling seven times around Ka'aba. This ritual is among the ‘problems’ faced by pilgrims in the Hajj season due to the overcrowd occurring when individuals or groups of pilgrims arrive to perform the Tawaf in random order. All arrivals are allowed to perform the Tawaf at anytime. The density of pilgrims circulating close around Ka’aba reaches the maximum at certain times of the day

Modeling and Simulation of Tawaf and Sa'yee: A Survey of Recent Work in the Field

Between 2002 and 2012 the number of pilgrims taking part in the 5-day hajj (the annual pilgrimage to Mecca) rose dramatically from 1.9m to 3.2m, before stabilizing at around 2 million following the introduction of new quotas in 2013. The gathering together of so many people has obvious crowd-safety implications, ranging from stampedes and protests to pickpocketing and dis- ease control, and there is an obvious need for models and simulations of the relevant crowd behaviours. More- over, the regular occurrence of the event, the size and diversity of the crowds involved, and the amount of freely available information make this an excellent case study for the study of crowd behaviour. We survey recent at- tempts to model the key hajj rituals of tawaf (during which pilgrims collectively circumambulate the Ka’aba seven times) and sa’yee (running or walking seven times between two nearby hills), and highlight ways in which some of the limitations of these studies may be overcome in future work

A Modified Social Force Model For Crowd Dynamics

The Social Force Model (SFM) is the most recent form of pedestrian model which is widely used in computer simulation software, as this model is more realistic. Many modifications have been done to improvise the SFM. One of them is a self-stopping mechanism introduced by earlier researchers where a respect factor is used to determine the self-stopping mechanism. The respect factor determines the respect area which is the area for pedestrians to walk at their own preferred speed. In this thesis, the constant respect factor is modified to obtain a better fundamental diagram

Simulation of high density pedestrian flow : a microscopic model

In recent years, modelling crowd and evacuation dynamics has become very important, with increasing huge numbers of people gathering around the world for many reasons and events. The fact that our global population grows dramatically every year and the current public transport systems are able to transport large amounts of people heightens the risk of crowd panic or crush. Pedestrian models are based on macroscopic or microscopic behaviour. In this paper, we are interested in developing models that can be used for evacuation control strategies. This model will be based on microscopic pedestrian simulation models, and its evolution and design requires a lot of information and data. The people stream will be simulated, based on mathematical models derived from empirical data about pedestrian flows. This model is developed from image data bases, so called empirical data, taken from a video camera or data obtained using human detectors. We consider the individuals as autonomous particles interacting through social and physical forces, which is an approach that has been used to simulate crowd behaviour. The target of this work is to describe a comprehensive approach to model a huge number of pedestrians and to simulate high density crowd behaviour in overcrowding places, e.g. sport, concert and pilgrimage places, and to assist engineering in the resolution of complicated problems through integrating a number of models from different research domains

GPU-based optimization of pilgrim simulation for hajj and umrah rituals

Tawaf ritual performed during Hajj and Umrah is one of the most unique, large-scale multi-cultural events in this modern day and age. Pilgrims from all over the world circumambulate around a stone cube structure called Ka'aba. Disasters at these types of events are inevitable due to erratic behaviours of pilgrims. This has prompted researchers to present several solutions to avoid such incidents. Agent-based simulations of a large number of pilgrims performing different the ritual can provide the solution to obviate such disasters that are either caused by mismanagement or because of irregular event plans. However, the problem arises due to limited parallelisation capabilities in existing models for concurrent execution of the agent-based simulation. This limitation decreases the efficiency by producing insufficient frames for simulating a large number of autonomous agents during Tawaf ritual. Therefore, it has become very necessary to provide a parallel simulation model that will improve the performance of pilgrims performing the crucial ritual of Tawaf in large numbers. To fill in this gap between large-scale agent-based simulation and navigational behaviours for pilgrim movement, an optimised parallel simulation software of agent-based crowd movement during the ritual of Tawaf is proposed here. The software comprises parallel behaviours for autonomous agents that utilise the inherent parallelism of Graphics Processing Units (GPU). In order to implement the simulation software, an optimized parallel model is proposed. This model is based on the agent-based architecture which comprises agents having a reactive design that responds to a fixed set of stimuli. An advantage of using agents is to provide artificial anomaly to generate heterogeneous movement of the crowd as opposed to a singular movement which is unrealistic. The purpose is to decrease the execution time of complex behaviour computation for each agent while simulating a large crowd of pilgrims at increased frames per second (fps). The implementation utilises CUDA (Compute Unified Device Architecture) platform for general purpose computing over GPU. It exploits the underlying data parallel capability of an existing library for steering behaviours, called OpenSteer. It has simpler behaviours that when combined together, produces more complex realistic behaviours. The data-independent nature of these agent-based behaviours makes it a very suitable candidate to be parallelised. After an in-depth review of previous studies on the simulation of Tawaf ritual, two key behaviours associated with pilgrim movement are considered for the new model. The parallel simulation is executed on three different high-performance configurations to determine the variation in different performance metrics. The parallel implementation achieved a considerable speedup in comparison to its sequential counterpart running on a single-threaded CPU. With the use of parallel behaviours, 100,000 pilgrims at 10 fps were simulated