1,818 research outputs found
Logic-Based Analogical Reasoning and Learning
Analogy-making is at the core of human intelligence and creativity with
applications to such diverse tasks as commonsense reasoning, learning, language
acquisition, and story telling. This paper contributes to the foundations of
artificial general intelligence by developing an abstract algebraic framework
for logic-based analogical reasoning and learning in the setting of logic
programming. The main idea is to define analogy in terms of modularity and to
derive abstract forms of concrete programs from a `known' source domain which
can then be instantiated in an `unknown' target domain to obtain analogous
programs. To this end, we introduce algebraic operations for syntactic program
composition and concatenation and illustrate, by giving numerous examples, that
programs have nice decompositions. Moreover, we show how composition gives rise
to a qualitative notion of syntactic program similarity. We then argue that
reasoning and learning by analogy is the task of solving analogical proportions
between logic programs. Interestingly, our work suggests a close relationship
between modularity, generalization, and analogy which we believe should be
explored further in the future. In a broader sense, this paper is a first step
towards an algebraic and mainly syntactic theory of logic-based analogical
reasoning and learning in knowledge representation and reasoning systems, with
potential applications to fundamental AI-problems like commonsense reasoning
and computational learning and creativity
How much of commonsense and legal reasoning is formalizable? A review of conceptual obstacles
Fifty years of effort in artificial intelligence (AI) and the formalization of legal reasoning have produced both successes and failures. Considerable success in organizing and displaying evidence and its interrelationships has been accompanied by failure to achieve the original ambition of AI as applied to law: fully automated legal decision-making. The obstacles to formalizing legal reasoning have proved to be the same ones that make the formalization of commonsense reasoning so difficult, and are most evident where legal reasoning has to meld with the vast web of ordinary human knowledge of the world. Underlying many of the problems is the mismatch between the discreteness of symbol manipulation and the continuous nature of imprecise natural language, of degrees of similarity and analogy, and of probabilities
Ancient Indian Logic and Analogy
B.K.Matilal, and earlier J.F.Staal, have suggested a reading of the `Nyaya five limb schema' (also sometimes referred to as the Indian Schema or Hindu Syllogism) from Gotama's Nyaya-Sutra in terms of a binary occurrence relation. In this paper we provide a rational justification of a version of this reading as Analogical Reasoning within the framework of Polyadic Pure Inductive Logic
A unitary schema for arguments by analogy
Following a Toulmian account of argument analysis and evaluation, I offer a unitary schema for, so called, deductive and inductive types of analogical arguments. This schema is able to explain why certain analogical arguments can be said to be deductive, and yet, also defeasible
Exposing Fake Logic
Exposing Fake Logic by Avi Sion is a collection of essays written after publication of his book A Fortiori Logic, in which he critically responds to derivative work by other authors who claim to know better. This is more than just polemics; but allows further clarifications of a fortiori logic and of general logic. This collection includes essays on: a fortiori argument (in general and in Judaism); Luis Duarte DâAlmeida; Mahmoud Zeraatpishe; Michael Avraham (et al.); an anonymous reviewer of BDD (a Bar Ilan University journal); and self-publishing
Ratio Anselmi Revisited
The proof of Godâs existence, known as Ratio Anselmi, is being analyzed. Four first-order theories are constructed to mirror versions of Anselmâs reasoning. Godâs existence is shown to be provable in all of them. A traditional objection to the employment of a concept of God is overruled. And yet, Anselmâs proof is eventually found to be incorrect. The error attributed to Anselm consists in an illegitimate use of the words âgreaterâ and âconceivableâ, and is identified as quaternio terminorum or petitio principii, depending on circumstances. It is claimed that there is no direct way to improve the argument
An Introduction to Artificial Intelligence and Legal Reasoning: Using xTalk to Model the Alien Tort Claims Act and Torture Victim Protection Act
This paper presents an introduction to artificial intelligence for legal scholars and includes a computer program that determines the existence of jurisdiction, defences, and applicability of the Alien Tort Claims Act and Torture Victims Protection Act. The paper includes a discussion of the limits and implications of computer programming in formal representations of the law. Concluding that formalization of the law reveals implicit weaknesses in reductionist legal theories, this paper emphasizes the limitations in practice of such theories
Analogy, Semantics, and Hermeneutics: The âConcept versus Judgmentâ Critique of Cajetanâs De Nominum Analogia
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