3D cadastral complexities in dense urban areas of developing countries: case studies from Delhi and satellite towns

Cadastral systems based on 2D spatial representation have served land administration and property management well for centuries. In India, the basic unit of the cadastral record is the land parcel, which is known as plot. Maintenance of land records with ownership; assessment of tax on the property and tax collection is the responsibility of district authorities. Historically, Delhi has been preferred as a capital by different rulers from various dynasties and invaders coming from different partTS03B_ezeomedo_igbokwe_6421s of the world even before 15th century. As in many densely populated areas even the early developments included 3D solutions, both below and above the surface. In the early days these were rather exceptions, but the 3D use of space has only been increased afterwards due to the continuously growing needs for space and the increased (civil) engineering and construction capabilities. In the early decades after gaining independence in 1947, Delhi rapidly began taking shape of a metro city due to large number of refugees coming from Pakistan who changed the landscape of entire Delhi. By the starting of 21st Century, Delhi had started growing rapidly in terms of population and infrastructure development. This rapid expansion in Delhi and immediate neighbouring cities of Noida and Gurgaon found the land administration agencies of these cities unprepared to deal with this rapidly changing land market. Delhi is managed by various land management agencies. Some have a major role to play in planning and development of the land like Delhi Development Authority while others focus more execution and maintenance like municipal corporations. Delhi does have a long-standing system of Deed registration but have no central registry. In general, records of land held by governmental agencies are maintained by each individual agency. The current paper aims to study the multi-stakeholding urban area locations in Delhi and around where (infrastructural) changes are creating the complex land management situations for the authorities involved. Three cases, mainly related to buildings and apartments, are presented in brief to highlight the different aspects of 3D spatial complexities involved while the forth case study is mode elaborated and focusing on multi-infrastructure (utility) networks in one single area. General Spatial Dimensions for each case are discussed focusing on geometric aspects in vertical and horizontal space below or above surface. As a specific focus, the spatial dimensions are discussed within the context of Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) Spatial Unit Package context

3D Cadastres Best Practices, Chapter 5: Visualization and New Opportunities

This paper proposes a discussion on opportunities offered by 3D visualization to improve the understanding and the analysis of cadastre data. It first introduce the rationale of having 3D visualization functionalities in the context of cadastre applications. Second the publication outline some basic concepts in 3D visualization. This section specially addresses the visualization pipeline as a driven classification schema to understand the steps leading to 3D visualization. In this section is also presented a brief review of current 3D standards and technologies. Next is proposed a summary of progress made in the last years in 3D cadastral visualization. For instance, user’s requirement, data and semiotics, and platforms are highlighted as main actions performed in the development of 3D cadastre visualization. This review could be perceived as an attempt to structure and emphasise the best practices in the domain of 3D cadastre visualization and as an inventory of issues that still need to be tackled. Finally, by providing a review on advances and trends in 3D visualization, the paper initiates a discussion and a critical analysis on the benefit of applying these new developments to cadastre domain. This final section discusses about enhancing 3D techniques as dynamic transparency and cutaway, 3D generalization, 3D visibility model, 3D annotation, 3D data and web platform, augmented reality, immersive virtual environment, 3D gaming, interaction techniques and time

3D Cadastre visualization and dissemination: Most recent progresses and future directions

The 3D Cadastre has been investigated from many viewpoints (including legal, organizational and technical). However, to date little research has focused specifically on visualizationrelated aspects despite the value-added of the third dimension. The paper first proposes an overview of progress made in the last five years in 3D cadastral visualization. The authors then summarize discussions at the 2014 3D Cadastre workshop regarding future research and development on the topic. This synthesis is complemented by a broad review of the most recent advances in 3D visualization beyond the 3D cadastral domain, with the goal of providing a number of important directions for further work, allowing researchers, developers and users to consolidate their respective activities, and encouraging collaboration

An investigation into LandXML for implementation of 3D Cadastre in eSurvey

With the rapid growth of urban environments including the increasing complexity of infrastructures, there is an urgent need to develop more innovative and efficient land administration systems. Many countries, including Australia, are now developing and implementing three dimensional (3D) cadastral frameworks to address these situations, but capturing and registering these rights within existing systems brings considerable challenges. In Australia, the existing approach of registering 3D rights and storing partial geometry in databases does not support 3D functionalities such as 3D validation, query, visualisation, and manipulation. The existing Digital Cadastral Data Base (DCDB) does not support the storage of 3D data. There is also no digital lodgement of 3D cadastral, and no automated validation (Karki, 2013). The Intergovernmental Committee of Surveying and Mapping (ICSM) has endorsed LandXML as the national standard for digital lodgement of cadastral plans. LandXML is an extensible mark-up language (XML) package which can be used for exchanging spatial information. In Queensland Surveying information is captured digitally using tools built in-house, such as the Surveying Information Processing (SIP) tool which is based on LandXML and is used to electronically capture a paper based cadastral plans. The Electronic Access for Registry Lodgement (eSurvey, previously called EARL) project is developed and run by the Department of Natural Resources and Mines (DNRM) and it has three stages namely eSurvey-I, eSurvey-II, and eSurvey-III. The eSurvey Services Portal allows users to submit, validate and visualise survey data via Web Services. eSurvey-I developed a tool for internal DNRM use to digitally capture the information on a survey plan. eSurvey-II has developed a validation tool that will be applied to Cadastral Information Files (CIFs) that are submitted to the Department by external surveyors as a component of the digital lodgement of survey plans process. eSurvey-III will be the full digital lodgement and implementation of electronic capture and visualisation of 3D cadastral data where the digital files become the legal document. The objective of this research is to explore the capability of LandXML for the definition of 3D spatial objects within the eSurvey project for 3D Cadastre development in Queensland. An overview of 3D Cadastre and characteristics of eSurvey, volumetric plans and LandXML were reviewed. Two representative cases from Queensland digital cadastral database were selected and examined using three standard CAD software and eSurvey web portal and Queensland DCDB standards. This study shows that eSurvey can successfully validate LandXML files

SUBSURFACE UTILITY NETWORK CADASTRE PROPOSAL, BASED ON LADM (ISO / FDIS 19152)

The increasing usage of the space above and underneath the land surface brings up the need of controlling its occupation. The localization of the infrastructure underground network is a major challenge, and for most of the countries, this information is not yet available or not easy to access. At this juncture, the cadastre of the network location is of fundamental importance for the water management supply systems. ISO 19152 from 2012 - Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) - addresses the standardization and integration of common features of cadastre systems in a simple way, and may be applied to several aspects of land administration. Within this context, this research aims to develop a model of subsurface water utility networks, based on the standard proposed by LADM. The implementation of the model suggested by ISO 19152 was tested using the COMPESA cadastre of the water utility network as a study case. The modernization and the technological advances adopted by the company facilitated the understanding of the geographical database underlying structure and its adaptation to the international standard. The modeling was produced using UML language, and DBDesigner for the physical implementation, executed in connection with PostgreSQL/PostGIS and QGIS, was applied